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Chapter 11, Sex and Gender. Chapter Outline. Human Sexuality Gender Roles Gender Stratification Gender Ideology Exploitation Caused by Gender Ideology Gender in the United States. Gender. Refers to the way the two sexes are perceived, evaluated, and expected to behave.
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Chapter Outline • Human Sexuality • Gender Roles • Gender Stratification • Gender Ideology • Exploitation Caused by Gender Ideology • Gender in the United States
Gender • Refers to the way the two sexes are perceived, evaluated, and expected to behave. • There is a wide range of ideas about what it means to be feminine or masculine. • U.S. culture recognizes only two genders, male and female, but other cultures recognize a combined male/female gender.
Cultural Patterns of Homosexuality- United States • Cultural definition of male homosexuality does not make a distinction between preference and activity. • It is assumed that a man who chooses to engage in homosexual activity does so due to a dominant homosexual preference. • 9.1% of males surveyed reported some homosexuality during their lifetime, only 2.8% claimed a homosexual preference and identity.
Cultural Patterns of Homosexuality: Azande • Due to a shortage of women, Azande men sought sexual satisfaction, for a limited time, through homosexual activity. • Unmarried men serving in military units often married boys between the ages of 12 and 20. • These “male wives” performed household chores and served as sexual partners. • When the husband was old enough to take a female wife, marriage to the “boy-wife” ended, and both were free to marry a woman.
Cultural Patterns of Homosexuality: Sambia • Defines male homosexuality as a requirement before men assume masculine roles and heterosexual relationships. • Sambian women are viewed as sexually dangerous because they can sap a man of his semen. • Before a boy can develop into a male adult, he must receive ingestions of semen from older men, for 6 to 8 years during adolescence.
Division of Labor by Gender • Men have greater body mass and strength and are better equipped for hunting, warfare, and land clearing. • Women do tasks that are compatible with pregnancy, breastfeeding, and child care.
Gender Inequality • 2/3 of all the illiterate people in the world today are women. • The world’s women are concentrated in the lowest-paid occupations and receive less pay and fewer benefits than men. • Women are more likely to work part-time, have less seniority, and occupy positions with little or no upward mobility.
Women and Inequality • Women makeup 1/2 the world’s population but, • do approximately 2/3 of the work. • earn 1/10 of the world’s income. • own less than 1% of the world’s property.
Entrance of Women Into the Workforce: Key Factors • As industrialization became more complex, more clerical workers were needed, most were women. • Women bore fewer children, increasing the number of years they could work outside the home.
Entrance of Women Into the Workforce: Key Factors • Rising rate of divorce forced women to support themselves and their children. • The baby bottle enabled women to work outside the home without jeopardizing their infants. • Two salaries are often needed to make ends meet.
Occupational Segregation Along Gender Lines Women make up: • 99% of secretaries, day-care workers, and checkout clerks • 96% of nurses • 83% of librarians • 71% of teachers • 1% of corporate CEOs • 6% of partners in private law firms • 8% of state and federal judges
Earnings Gap in the U.S. • Female clerical workers earn 64 cents for every dollar earned by a male clerical worker. • Female sales workers earn 57 cents for every dollar earned by a male sales worker. • Female executives make less than two-thirds what their male counterparts earn.