2012 Final Review

1. 2012 Final Review

2. RATHER THAN DOING A REGULAR TEST (MULTIPLE CHOICE/ESSAY/SHORT ANSWER), WE WILL DO AN ACTIVITY WHERE WE COVER THE HIGHLIGHTS OF THE YEAR’S TOPICS USING DIAGRAMS, PICTURES, AND A FEW SHORT EXPLANATIONS • THIS ACTIVITY HAS THREE OBJECTIVES: 1) REVIEW THE MAJOR “YOU SHOULD KNOW THESE THINGS” IDEAS 2) SHOW THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE IDEAS WE HAVE LEARNED 3) TRACK HOW CARBON IS INVOLVED IN ALL OUR MAJOR IDEAS AND THAT IT NEVER GOES AWAY— IT JUST BECOMES PART OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES

3. We will do the activity during the final exam time—so you will have plenty of time to accurately complete your diagrams. • You will be able to do the final in groups of 3-4 students • We will spend the next two days going back over the major ideas to make sure we have a solid understanding of this year’s most important concepts

4. CARBON? MOLECULE WHERE DOES IT COME FROM? C C FROM THE CO2 THAT WAS USED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS C C GLUCOSE C C PROTEINS ARE MADE OF AMINO ACIDS. WE BREAK THE PROTEIN DOWN DURING DIGESTION—THEN REASSESMBLE THE AMINO ACIDS IN A SPECIFIC ORDER INSULIN TRANSPORT PROTEIN

5. BROWN WALKING STICKS (HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT) C ENZYME CAN BE DRAWN LIKE THIS: C BROWN-GREEN WALKING STICKS C c GREEN WALKING STICKS c c

6. Make a food web with the following organisms. Make sure the arrows show the correct transfer of energy. Grass, Walking sticks, Birds, Crickets, Frogs, Hawks, Snakes BIRDS WALKING STICKS HAWKS GRASS CRICKETS SNAKES FROGS

7. CO2 GLUOCSE/STARCH • Matter Transfer • Form of carbon in the atmosphere • Form of carbon in a plant • How carbon gets from the atmosphere to the plant (process) • What other molecule(s) would this process need? • Energy source to get it started? • Form of carbon that gets into the walking stick from the grass (and how it gets there) • Form of carbon that gets into the bird from the walking sticks PHOTOSYNTHESIS H2O SUN STARCH (glucose)--EATING GLYCOGEN(glucose)--EATING

8. CO2 • When the bird uses some of the matter it got when it ate some walking sticks—what form of carbon does the matter get converted to? • What process makes this change? • What other molecule(s) would this process need? • Where does the matter go after this process is complete? • Once the carbon is back in the atmosphere—where does it go/get used? CELLULAR RESPIRATION O2 ATMOSPHERE AS CO2 TO PLANTS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS

9. SUN (LIGHT) • Following the same transfer—Grass—Walking Stick—Bird--- follow energy. • Where does the energy begin and what form? • What form of energy does it get changed into by the plant? • What form of energy is transferred to the walking sticks—and then to the birds when they are eaten? • What happens to the energy at the end of the food chain? (all the energy eventually becomes this type) • Do birds get all the energy contained in the grass and walking sticks? Explain CHEMICAL CHEMICAL THERMAL (Heat) NO. THE GRASS AND WALKING STICKS USE SOME OF THE ENERGY BEFORE THE BIRDS EAT THEM AND NOT ALL GRASS OR WALKING STICKS GET EATEN

10. Based on this information—how is energy different from matter? • ENERGY IS USED UP AFTER IT IS TRANSFORMED (USEABLE ENERGY) • BODY HEAT DOESN’T GO BACK TO THE SUN • ENERGY MUST BE ADDED CONSTANTLY • MATTER IS CYCLED– CO2 TO GLUCOSE TO CO2 • NO NEW MATTER IS ADDED—IT JUST CHANGES FORMS

11. A bird eats a bite of walking stick which has the following protein and starch molecules: • On the picture below, show what the starch and protein would look like (1)in the bird’s stomach right after it has been swallowed , (2) in the small intestine, and (3) in the blood Blood Vessel stomach Small intestine

12. Draw a section of cell membrane below that would show the phospholipid bilayer, 2 transport proteins, water and oxygen molecules moving in, co2 molecules moving out, and glucose and some amino acids moving in. Make sure to show the correct concentration difference that would allow these molecules to move in or out.

13. Once the glucose molecules are in the bird’s cells, what can be done with them? • They can be used for cellular respiration or can stored as glycogen for later use • Once the amino acids are in the bird’s cells, what can be done with them? • They can be reassembled into many different kinds of proteins—depending on the instructions from the DNA sequence (gene)

14. WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER A BIRD’S CELLS PRODUCE A PARTICULAR PROTEIN OR NOT? • DNA • HOW DOES THE DNA DETERMINE THIS? • DNA IS THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR HOW TO BUILD INSULIN OR AN ENZYME (PROTEINS) USING AMINO ACIDS FROM THEIR FOOD • WHERE IS THE DNA CODE FOUND IN THE CELL? • NUCLEUS • WHAT CELL PART (ORGANELLE) PUTS THE AMINO ACIDS TOGETHER BASED ON THE DNA INSTRUCTIONS? • RIBOSOMES • DNA IS IN THE NUCLEUS—RIBOSOMES ARE IN THE CYTOPLASM? HOW DO THE DIRECTIONS GET TO THE RIBOSOMES? • mRNA

15. THE FOLLOWING SEQUENCE OF DNA IS THE TOP STRAND (NOT THE CODING STRAND)– FILL IN THE LETTERS OF THE MISSING BOTTOM STRAND BASED ON HOW DNA PAIRS TACGGCACCGGACCGTTAA AUGCCGTGGCCTGGCAATT

16. AMINO ACIDS ASN PRO GLU ASP GLY ALA MET ARG AMINO ACID SEQUENCE FOR A PROTEIN

17. Using the bottom strand as the coding sequence, show the mRNA strand that would be created—and then using the codon table—the amino acids that would be coded for by the ribosomes. Lastly—draw the amino acids together in a chain and determine which would make a functional enzyme—and which would make a nonfunctional enzyme. • 1 ATG CCC GAT CGG CGC GAA TGA • TAC GGG CTA GCC GCG CTT ACT • mRNA • AUG CCC GAU CGG CGC GAA UGA • AMINO ACID NAMES • MET-PRO-ASP-ARG-ARG-GLU-STOP • THIS MATCHES THE ORDER OF THE FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN • 2ATG GCC GAC CGG GGG GAG TAC • TAC CGG CTG GCC CCC CTC ATG • mRNA • AUG GCC GAC CGG GGG GAG UAC • AMINO ACID NAMES • MET-ALA-ASP-ARG-GLY-GLU- • THIS DOES NOT MATCH THE ORDER OF THE FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN