Bacterial Diseases of Turkeys and Ducks

1. Bacterial Diseases of Turkeys and Ducks Prof. Dr/ Wafaa Abd El-Ghany Professor of Poultry Diseases Poultry Diseases Department Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.

2. Bacterial diseases of Turkeys • Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). • Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM). • Maycoplasma synoviae (MS). • Mycoplasma iowae (MI). • Turkey coryza (Bordetellosis). • Ornithobacterium rhinotracheal (ORT). • Erysiplas infection. • Avian chlamydiosis. • Fowl cholera. • Avian salmonellosis (Paratyphoid infection, Arizona disease and Pullorum disease). • E.coli infection. • Clostridial infections. • Staphylococcus and Streptococcus infections. • Avian Tuberculosis

3. Bacterial diseases of Ducks • Rimerella anatipestifer • Botulism (Western duck sickness, Limber neck) • Paratyphoid infection. • Avian chlamydiosis • Mycoplasma immitans & ansaris • Avian spiroketosis • E. coli infection • Staphylococcus and Streptococcus infections

4. MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM (MG) (Infectious sinusitis of turkeys) [Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chickens]

5. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) MG infections are Respiratory affections of slow development and long course characterized by: Respiratory rales, coughing, nasal discharge and conjunctivitis in chickens; Swollen infraorbital sinus is frequently occurred in turkeys.

6. MOI & Transmission of MG • Vertical infection: From infected hens to the embryos, causing embryonic mortalities or infection of day old chicks. • Horizontal infection: Through aerosol (air born) droplet infection. Direct or indirect contact of susceptible birds to clinical or subclinical infected birds. • Mechanical (Fomites): workers, free living birds, utensils, visitors, cars, feed bags, etc….

7. Signs of MG • In turkeys (Infectious sinusitis): • Unilateral or bilateral swelling of the infraorbital sinuses with facial swelling. • Partial or complete closure of eye from severe sinus swelling. • Nasal discharge with foamy eye secretion. • Tracheal rales, coughing and labored breathing.

8. Signs of MG • Decreased feed intake and weight loss. • MG can induce encephalitic form in 12-16 weeks old commercial meat turkey with torticollis and opithotenous. • Breeder flocks show drop in egg production.

9. Lesions of MG • MG without complications: • Catarrhal rhinitis, sinusitis (turkeys), conjunctivitis, tracheitis and broncheitis. • Lung congestion and pneumonia. • Mild pericarditis, perihepatitis and airsacculitis.

10. Lesions of MG • MG with complications: • Seofibrinous or fibrinous (casous or purulent) pericarditis, perihepatitis and airsacculitis. • Peritonitis. • Salpingitis. • Lung congestion and pneumonia.

11. Swelling of the infraorbital sinuses

14. Mild tracheitis with a small amount of mucoid exudate in the tracheal lumen. Congestion of the trachea and catarrhal exudate Plugs of exudate in the lumen of the trachea and bronchi.

15. Mild airsacculitis with light presence of foam. Airsacculitis with caseous exudate Severe airsacculitis with abundant foam and aggregates of caseous exudate.

17. Severe perihepatitis and pericarditis.

18. Severe perihepatitis and pericarditis. Fibrinous pericarditis and peritonitis

19. pericarditis and fibrinous pneumonia Fibrinous pericarditis

20. Pneumonia

21. MYCOPLASMA MELEAGRIDIS (MM)

22. Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) It is a specific pathogen of turkeys, causing egg transmitted disease (venereal) with primary lesions in air sacs with decrease hatchability, skeletal abnormalities and poor performance.

23. Signs of MM • Airsaculitis deficiency syndrome (TS-65): • Bowing. • Twisting and shortening of the tarsometatarsal bone. • Hock joint swelling. • Deformity of the cervical vertebrate. • Lameness. • Stunting and abnormal feathering. • Retardation in growth. • Late embryonic mortality. • Respiratory signs.

24. Lesions of MM • Skeletal deformities (tibial dyschondroplasia and chondrodystrophy). • Sternal bursitis and synovitis. • Airsacculitis (thickening of air sac walls with adherence of yellow exudates). • Sinusitis.

26. MYCOPLASMA SYNOVIAE (MS)

27. Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) • MS induces acute or chronic infectious synovitis in chickens and turkeys which is characterized by exudative synovitis and tenovaginitis or sternal bursitis (breast blister). • MS can also induce upper respiratory infection (air sac disease).

28. Signs of MS • Swellings around joints especially hocks, footpad and the sternal bursa is enlarged (turkeys) (breast blister). • Lameness. • Mild respiratory signs. • Slight drop egg production and egg quality. Retardation in growth. • Pale comb. • Greenish discoloration of dropping with large amount of ureates. • Mortality: 10%

29. Lesions of MS • The synovial membranes of tendon sheaths of affected joints and keel bursa have a viscous yellow exudates. (fibrinopurelent in turkeys). • Articular surfaces become eroded. • Sternal bursitis (breast blister) in turkeys. • Caseous exudates may be found in air sacs. • Enlarged liver and spleen, kidneys usually swollen mottled and pale.

32. Airsacculitis Swollen hock with yellow exudate

33. Sternal bursitis

34. Diagnosis of Mycoplasmosis • Swabs organs are taken from the respiratory system, joint exudate. • Samples could be taken from the semen or fertile eggs from adult suspected breeder flocks. • Mycoplasma species are fastidious organisms due to that, they difficult to grow and need long time for growth. • Mycoplasma species need enriched media like PPLO (pleuro-pneumonia like organism) media or modified Frey’s FM media. • Positive agar culture appears as a characteristic Fried egg shaped appearance (tiny, smooth, rounded, colourless, translucent mass, dense dark rough central area surrounded by flat translucent hallow zone) colonies under dissecting or steromicroscope.

36. Serum plate agglutination (SPA) test • On the clean porcelain or glass plate, add one drop of MG or MS specific coloured (stained) antigen, then add on drop of the serum of the bird. • Mix well, and rotate the plate in a circular manner. • Positive reaction appears with in 2 minutes as the form of agglutination (flocculation or granulation), suspected cases should be confirmed using HI test. • flock test.

39. Prevention of Mycoplasmosis • Adopt all biosecurity measures. • Egg sanitation and hatchery sanitation. • Regular serological flock monitoring. • In case of MM: • Examination of the phallus and cloacae of adult male turkeys for MM serologically, bacteriologically and molecularly before the breeding season. • Using non-infected (non genetically carriers) birds for breeding (mating).

40. Prevention of Mycoplasmosis • Vaccination: • Moderately virulent strain (F) strain. • 6/85 strain. • Ts-11 strain. • New K 5054 strain. • Naturally occurring virulent strains (S6). • Inactivated vaccines (bacterins). • Vaccination with live MG vaccine between 12 and 16 weeks of age. • Vaccination can be carried out a 2-4 weeks of age.

41. Control of mycoplasmosis • Separate diseased from healthy birds. • Hygienic disposal of dead birds (burning or burring). • Thorough cleaning and disinfection. • Treatment of birds: Medication helps only to control clinical signs and lesions and slow the spread of infection, but it doesn't eliminate the infection. • Complete elimination of mycoplasmas from all birds in the infected flocks using medication is not expected, as the treatment is regarded as a method of short-term amelioration of the disease, rather than as long term solution of the problem.

42. Control of mycoplasmosis • use Teteracyclines, Macroilds (erythromycin, tylosin, spiramycin, lincomycin, kitasamycin), Pleuromulins (tiamulin), and fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, enrofloxacin and danofloxacin). Egg treatment: • Egg inoculation: Any antimycoplasmal antibiotics is injected into the egg cell, this method may kill the embryo. • Egg dipping: the eggs are warmed to 37-38C then immersed in cold antibiotic solution (1-4C) for 20 minutes. Due to the temperature differences, cooling of the egg contents and the antibiotic is pulled through the egg shell.

43. Control of mycoplasmosis C) Pressure differential vacuum (system) by decreasing the pressure above the egg 25 Cm Hg by vacuum pump, then the pressure return slowly to the atmospheric one. This method is not completely eliminate the organism but not affect on the hatchability. D) Heat forced incubator: the eggs are heated in forced air incubator for 40C then putted at room temperature for cooling at 25.6C. It is the most effective method but it reduces the hatchability to 8-12% with high embryonic mortalities.