John W. Santrock

1. Children 17 Socioemotional Development in Adolescence John W. Santrock

2. Socioemotional Development in Adolescence • What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence? • What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships? • What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence? • Why Is Culture an Important Context for Adolescent Development? • What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?

3. What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence? Emotional Development • More extreme emotions • Emotions more changeable, fleeting • Moodiness is normal • Decrease in overall happiness • Risk of depression

4. Fathers 30 Mothers 25 Adolescents 20 Percent of self-reports 15 10 5 0 Very unhappy Very happy What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence? Self-Reported Extremes of Emotions by Adolescents, Mothers, and Fathers Fig. 17.1

5. What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence? Self-Esteem • How we feel about ourselves • Often decreases in transition from elementary to junior high school • Appears to fluctuate across lifespan • Higher for males at most ages

6. 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 Average self-esteem score 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 9-12 18-22 23-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 18-22 13-17 Age What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence? Self-Esteem Across the Lifespan Fig. 17.2

7. What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence? Erikson and Identity • 5th stage: Identity vs. identity confusion • Confusion takes 2 forms: isolation or lost identity in the crowd • Identity: a self-portrait of many pieces • Physical, cognitive, social, emotional • A lengthy, complex, lifelong process

8. What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence? Marcia’s Identity Statuses Fig. 17.3

9. What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence? Family Influences on Identity • Family atmosphere is important • Individuality: two dimensions • Self-expression • Separateness • Connectedness: two dimensions • Mutuality • Permeability

10. What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence? Cultural and Ethnic Aspects of Identity • Includes • Sense of membership in an ethnic group • Attitudes and feelings related to that membership • Minority adolescents have bicultural identities • Prejudice, living contexts can affect search and development of healthy ethnic identity

11. What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships? Autonomy and Attachment • Conflict when adolescents push for autonomy • Parents should relinquish control gradually, as adolescent is able to make reasonable decisions • Gender and culture affect seeking and granting autonomy

12. What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships? Parent-Adolescent Conflict • Escalated conflict due to • Biological changes (puberty) • Cognitive changes (idealism, logic) • Social changes (independence, identity) • Maturational changes • Violated expectations

13. What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships? Parent-Adolescent Conflict • Parents serve as support system as adolescents explore wider world • Most conflict is moderate • Some prolonged, unhealthy conflict associated with adolescent problems • Conflict is less in some cultures

14. What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships? Competent Adolescent Development • Parents should • Show warmth and respect • Show sustained interest in children’s lives • Recognize and adapt to child’s cognitive and socioemotional development • Communicate expectations, high standards • Display constructive problem solving

15. What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence? Friendships • Dramatic increase in psychological importance and intimacy of close friends • Most motivated by popularity with peers • Peers help shape development; increased mutual dependency for many needs • Friend’s character and quality of friendship are important influences

16. 4 3 Self-disclosure in conversation score 2 1 2nd 5th 7th 10th College Grade What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence? Change in Self-Disclosingin Conversations Fig. 17.5

17. Peer pressure can be negative; most is positive Adolescents conform more to peer standards than younger children do Resist parental influence stronger in U.S. Self-esteem can motivate membership What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence? Peer Groups

18. Cliques Average 5 to 6 people Usually same sex, age Formed from shared activities, friendship Crowds Larger than cliques, more informal Usually formed based on reputation May not spend much time together What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence? Peer Groups

19. What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence? Peers and Culture • Some societies restrict adolescents’ access to peers, especially girls • Adolescents engage in more peer interaction during school and in shared leisure activities • Adolescent lifestyles affect desires for and frequency of peer interactions

20. What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence? Dating and Romantic Relationships • Dating and developmental changes • Heterosexual romantic relationships • Early romantic involvement • More social anxiety • More school-related problems • Special social concerns • Most youth find comfort in numbers

21. 100 80 60 Percent of students 40 20 0 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Grade Age of Onset of Romantic Activity Fig. 17.6

22. What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence? Romantic Relationships inSexual Minority Youth • Interest in gay, lesbian, bisexual youth • Average age of initiated same-sex activity is 14 to 18 for girls, 13 to 15 for boys • Most common initial partner is close friend • Girls usually have sex with boys first before same-sex activity; opposite for gay boys

23. What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence? Romantic Relationships inSexual Minority Youth • Most sexual minority youth have same-sex experience but few have same-sex romantic relationships • Limited opportunities • Social disapproval

24. What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence? Emotional and Romantic Relationships • Strong source of emotional attachment for adolescents • Majority of emotions were positive • Those in love at higher risk for depression; especially young adolescent girls • Romantic breakups cause depression

25. What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence? Sociocultural Contexts and Dating • Values and beliefs of various cultures • Influence dating patterns • Influence mate selection • Often dictate age when dating allowed • Some cultures very strict with girls; U.S. immigrants brought customs with them • “Sneak dating”

26. Why Is Culture an Important Context for Adolescent Development? Cross-Culture Comparisons of Adolescents • U.S. adolescents • Work more than in other developed countries • Do less homework than East Asian youth • Spend more time in voluntary structured activities than East Asians • Have more discretionary time • Spend it hanging out and watching TV

27. Why Is Culture an Important Context for Adolescent Development? Rites of Passage • Ceremony or ritual that marks one’s transition from one status to another • Gain access to adult practices, knowledge, sexuality, separation from nuclear family • Sometimes dramatic or spiritual • Affected by ethnicity and economic class • Minority youth and double disadvantage

28. Why Is Culture an Important Context for Adolescent Development? Differences and Diversity • Real differences • Among minority groups, not homogeneous • 511 Native American tribes recognized • Asians: Chinese, Japanese, and more • Latinos: Mexican, Cuban, and more • Between minority groups and White group • Functional for individuals to adapt

29. Why Is Culture an Important Context for Adolescent Development? Value Conflicts: Assimilation and Pluralism • Assimilation: absorption of ethnic minority groups into the dominant group • Loss of behaviors, values of ethnic group • Pluralism: coexistence of distinct ethnic and cultural groups in one society • Cultural differences appreciated

30. What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence? Juvenile Delinquency • Juvenile delinquent: adolescent who breaks laws, engages in illegal behavior • Broad concept; higher risks for males • Antecedents of delinquency • Authority conflict • Covert behaviors • Overt behaviors

31. What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence? Factors Affecting Delinquency • Personal • Self-control • Age • Sex/gender • Parental roles and family system • SES • Siblings who are delinquents External • Peers • Neighborhood quality • Expectations for education • School grades and achievement

32. What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence? Youth Violence • Predicting a violent youth • Overwhelmingly male • Violence gives sense of power • Much more in poverty-infested, urban areas • Inadequate parent involvement, supervision • Past history of violence, serious problems • Poor self-control, temperamental

33. What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence? Reducing Youth Violence • Recommit to raising children safely and effectively • Make prevention a reality • Give more support to schools • Forge effective partnerships among families, schools, social service systems, churches, and other agencies

34. What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence? Depression • More likely to occur in adolescence than in childhood • Higher rates in girls than boys • Related factors • Family • Peers • Difficult changes

35. What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence? Suicide • Rare in childhood; risk escalates in adolescence • Third leading cause of death in 10- to 19- year-olds in the U.S. • 19% of U.S. high school students have considered or attempted • Females more at risk than males

36. What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence? Suicide • Risks in adolescence • Homosexual adolescent risk controversial • Recent concern for use of antidepressants and suicidal thoughts • Issues of copycat suicides • Depression is most frequently cited factor

37. What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence? Successful Prevention/ Intervention Programs • Know that most at-risk adolescents have multiple problems • Early sexual activity linked to use of drugs, tobacco, and alcohol • High-risk youth do-it-all

38. What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence? Successful Prevention/ Intervention Programs • Intensive individualized attention • Community-wide, multiagency, collaborative approaches • Early identification and intervention

39. Children 17 The End