1 / 36

John W. Santrock

Children. 12. Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood. John W. Santrock. Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood. What Changes Take Place in Body Growth and Motor Development? What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?

thelma
Télécharger la présentation

John W. Santrock

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Children 12 Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood John W. Santrock

  2. Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood • What Changes Take Place in Body Growth and Motor Development? • What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health? • What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

  3. What Changes Take Place in Body Growth and Motor Development? Skeletal and Muscular Systems • During the elementary school years, children • Grow 2 to 3 inches a year until age 11 • Gain about 5 to 7 pounds a year • Double strength capabilities • Proportional changes

  4. What Changes Take Place in Body Growth and Motor Development? Tooth Development and Dental Care • Primary teeth loss starts about age 6 • Permanent teeth appear at rate of about four per year for next 5 years • Dental hygiene • Orthodontic care needed

  5. What Changes Take Place in Body Growth and Motor Development? Motor Development • Children’s motor development becomes much smoother and more coordinated • Motor skills: pleasure and accomplishment • Increased myelinization of central nervous system; fine motor skills improve

  6. What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health? Nutrition • Average body weight doubles • Exert more energy, need more food • Balanced diet promotes growth • Family eating patterns important • Importance of healthy breakfast

  7. What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health? Exercise • 1997 • Only 22% in grades 4 through 12 physically active for 30 minutes a day • Parents as poor role models • Boys more active at all ages • Roles of school and family

  8. 80 70 60 50 Percent of children involved in daily physical education programs 40 30 20 10 0 1969 1979 1989 1999 Percentage of U.S. Children in Daily Physical Education Programs from 1969 to 1999 Fig. 12.3

  9. What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health? Sports • Participation can have positive and negative consequences • Unrealistic expectations and special concerns for children

  10. What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health? Sports • Cons • Pressure to achieve, high stress created • Physical injuries • Distraction from academic work • Exploitation • Wrong values taught; win-at-all-costs Pros • Exercise • Opportunities to learn how to compete • Self-esteem • Setting for developing peer relations and friendships

  11. What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health? Obesity • Increasing health problem • 25% of obese children become obese adults • About 75% of obese young adolescents become obese adults • Girls more at risk than boys

  12. What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health? Factors Linked with Obesity • Heredity • Blood chemistry: leptin and insulin • Consuming simple sugars creates cravings • Environmental contexts • Activities • Availability of food

  13. What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health? Consequences of Obesity in Children • Medical and psychological problems • Pulmonary problems • Hip problems • Diabetes and high blood pressure • Elevated blood cholesterol levels • Low self-esteem and depression • Some social exclusion by peers

  14. What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health? Treatment of Obesity • Recommended combination of • Diets of moderate calories; food diary • Exercise • Behavior modification • Active lifestyle and models needed

  15. What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health? Diseases • Cancer: 2nd leading cause of death • Diabetes: chronic, Type I and Type II • Cardiovascular disease • Environmental experiences and influences • Asthma: chronic, cause unknown

  16. Leukemia 39% Brain Lymphomas 15% Neuroblastoma 12% Bone Kidney 10% Muscle 5% 6% 7% Other 6% Types of Cancer in Children Fig. 12.5

  17. What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health? Accidents and Injuries • Motor vehicle accidents • Most common cause of severe injury and death (pedestrian and passenger) • Hazards of risk taking • Most accidents occur near home or school • Improper use of equipment

  18. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Who Are Children with Disabilities? • About 10% of U.S. children receive special education or related services • Learning disability (includes ADHD) • Speech and sensory disorders • Physical disorders • Emotional and behavioral disorders

  19. Speech and language impairments1,074,548 or 19.4% Learning disabilities2,817,148 or 50.8% Mental retardation 611,076 or 11% Emotional disturbance 463,262 or 8.4% Multiple disabilities 107,763 or 1.9% Hearing impairments 70,883 or 1.3% Developmental delay 0.2% Traumatic brain injury 0.2% Deaf-blindness > 0.1% Orthopedic impairments 69,495 or 1.3% Other health impairments 220,831 or 4% Autism 53,576 or 1% Visual impairments 26,132 or 0.5% Diversity of Children Who Have a Disability Fig. 12.6

  20. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Learning Disabilities • Learning disabilityincludes: • A minimum IQ level • A significant difficulty in a school-related area • Exclusion of other conditions • Boys classified 3 times more than girls • Diagnosis difficult

  21. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Prevalent Learning Disabilities in Children • Dyslexia—severe impairment in ability to read and spell • Dyscalculia—difficulty in math computation

  22. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • Children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics: • Inattention • Hyperactivity • Impulsivity

  23. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • Many possible causes; heredity may play role • Undergoes extensive evaluations • Usually treated with stimulant drugs • Controversial

  24. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Speech Disorders • Articulation disorders: problems pronouncing sounds correctly • Voice disorders: hoarse, harsh, too loud, too high- or low-pitched speech • Fluency disorders: commonly called “stuttering”

  25. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Sensory Disorders • Visual impairments • Low vision: visual acuity between 20/70 and 20/200 • Educationally blind: unable to use one’s vision in learning

  26. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Sensory Disorders • Hearing Impairments • Oral approaches: lip reading, speech reading, and any hearing the child has • Manual approaches: sign language and finger spelling

  27. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Physical Disorders • Orthopedic impairments: restrictions in movement abilities due to muscle, bone, or joint problems. • Cerebral palsy: lack of muscular coordination, shaking, or unclear speech (common type: spastic)

  28. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Emotional and Behavior Disorders • Serious, persistent problems involving • Relationships • Aggression • Depression • Fears related to personal or school matters • Other inappropriate socioemotional issues

  29. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Autism • Problems with • Personal interactions • Verbal and nonverbal communication • Repetitive behaviors • May show atypical sensory responses

  30. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Autism • Types • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) • Autistic disorder • Asperger’s syndrome

  31. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Educational Issues • Public Law 94-142 (Education for All Handicapped Children Act) • Requires that all children with disabilities be given free, appropriate public education • Renamed Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990

  32. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Educational Issues • IDEA amendments in 1997 • Use of instructional technology • Use of assistive technology • Individualized Education Plan (IEP) • Least restrictive environment (LRE) • Mainstreaming renamed inclusion

  33. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Technology • Instructional technology: hardware and software to accommodate students’ learning needs • Assistive technology: various services and devices to help children with disabilities function

  34. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Individualized Education Plan (IEP) • Written statement that spells out program tailored to child with disability • Related to child’s learning capacity • Designed to meet child’s individual needs • Designed to provide educational benefits

  35. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) • Child with disability must be educated in setting as similar as possible to one in which children without a disability are educated • Inclusion: educating special-needs child full-time in the regular classroom

  36. Children 12 The End

More Related