1 / 43

American Government Roots and Reform

American Government Roots and Reform. Thirteenth Edition. Chapter 16. Foreign and Defense Policy. Learning Objectives. 16.1 Outline the major events and issues in the development of U.S. foreign and defense policy.

elvina
Télécharger la présentation

American Government Roots and Reform

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. American Government Roots and Reform Thirteenth Edition Chapter 16 Foreign and Defense Policy

  2. Learning Objectives 16.1 Outline the major events and issues in the development of U.S. foreign and defense policy. 16.2 Describe the roles of government officials and of other influences in U.S. foreign and defense policy. 16.3 Evaluate major foreign and defense policy challenges now facing the United States. 16.4 Understand emerging challenges that are shaping U.S. foreign and defense policies in four critical regions.

  3. 16.1 Roots of U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy • Isolationism in the Early Republic • The United States as an Emerging Power • World War I and the Interwar Years • World War II and Its Aftermath • The Cold War: Containment and Deterrence • The Post–Cold War World • September 11, 2001, and the War on Terror

  4. 16.1 Isolationism in the Early Republic • Great Britain versus France • Hamilton favored British. • Jefferson favored French. • Isolationism • Sidestepping “entangling alliances” • Washington’s Farewell Address • Monroe Doctrine • Warned European powers to stay away from the Western Hemisphere

  5. 16.1 The United States as an Emerging Power • Trade Policy and Commerce • Tariffs • Most favored nation status • Continental Expansion and Manifest Destiny • Major land takings and purchases • Divine plan for expansion to the Pacific • Dominance over the Western Hemisphere • Roosevelt Corollary • Interests in Asia

  6. 16.1 How Did the Roosevelt Corollary Affect American Foreign Policy?

  7. 16.1 World War I and the Interwar Years • U.S. Initially Neutral • European immigrants to United States deeply divided about the war • German Submarine Warfare • Wilson: fighting “to make the world safe for democracy” • United States entered war in 1917 • League of Nations • Disarmament and Isolationism

  8. 16.1 World War II and Its Aftermath • U.N. Security Council • America’s role: “leader of the free world” • President Franklin D. Roosevelt • Active role in diplomacy • Economic Peace • International Monetary Fund (IMF) • World Bank • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

  9. 16.1 How Did World War II Change U.S. Foreign Policy?

  10. 16.1 The Cold War and Containment (1 of 4) • Cold War • Defined the international system from the end of WWII to the collapse of communism in the late 1980s through the early 1990s • Containment • Opposition to Soviet expansion • Deterrence • Stockpile of nuclear weapons • “Mutually assured destruction” (MAD)

  11. 16.1 The Cold War and Containment (2 of 4) • Truman Doctrine • Economic and military aid to countries fighting communism • Marshall Plan • U.S. financing of postwar rebuilding of Europe • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Collective security pact • Berlin Wall • Divided communist East Berlin from democratic West Berlin

  12. 16.1 The Cold War and Containment (3 of 4) • Military Conflicts in the Cold War • Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) • Closest the world has been to nuclear war • Korean War (1950–53) • United States supported the South Korean regime against Communist forces in North Korea. • Vietnam War (1960s–75) • United States supported South Vietnamese regime against Communist forces in North Vietnam.

  13. 16.1 The Cold War and Containment (4 of 4) • Détente • Nixon declared end to “era of confrontation” (1969). • Strategic Arms Limitations Treaties (SALT I and SALT II) • Failed to establish rules related to involvement in developing world • The End of the Cold War • Carter’s focus: human rights • Reagan Doctrine • Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms

  14. 16.1 The Post–Cold War World • Gulf War (1991–92) • U.S.-led coalition reversed Iraq’s occupation of Kuwait. • President Bill Clinton • Promoted expansion of democracy and free markets • Secured passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) • al-Qaeda • Began to attack American targets overseas (late 1990s) • Opposed U.S. involvement in Arab and Muslim countries • Led by Osama bin Laden

  15. 16.1 September 11, 2001, and the War on Terror (1 of 2) • September 11 • Nineteen members of al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial airplanes. • Two crashed into the World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon, and one in a field in Pennsylvania • The War in Afghanistan • U.S.-led coalition sought to depose the government and deny a safe haven to terrorists. • Osama bin Laden captured and killed in 2011

  16. 16.1 How Did the September 11 Terrorist Attacks Affect American Foreign Policy?

  17. September 11, 2001, and the War on Terror (2 of 2) • The War in Iraq • President George W. Bush declared Iraq, North Korea, and Iran an “axis of evil.” • Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003) • Divided Americans • Not intended to be a long, drawn-out war • Last American combat forces left in 2011. • New Terrorist Threats • ISIS

  18. 16.1 Journal Prompt • Outline the major events and issues in the development of U.S. foreign and defense policy.

  19. 16.2 Foreign and Defense Policy Decision Making • The Constitution • The Executive Branch • Congress • The Judiciary • Interest Groups and Political Parties

  20. 16.2 The Constitution • Foreign Policy Powers • Granted to the national government • Divided between the president and Congress • Presidential Powers • Commander in chief • Appoints ambassadors, subject to Senate approval • Congressional Powers • Funds military • Declares war

  21. 16.2 The Executive Branch • The President • Relies on National Security Council • The Departments of State, Defense, and Homeland Security • State Department formulates foreign policy. • Defense Department formulates military policy. • Homeland Security straddles both areas. • The Intelligence Community • Central Intelligence Agency

  22. 16.2 Congress • Oversight • Hearings to monitor agency actions • “Fact-finding” missions abroad • Treaties and Executive Agreements • Treaties require Senate approval, while executive agreements do not. • Appointments and Appropriations • Senate responsible for approving or rejecting presidential appointments • Can cut funding for military action • War Powers • War Powers Resolution • President reports to Congress within forty-eight hours. • Ineffective restraint on presidential power

  23. Figure 16.1 How Has Defense Spending Changed Over Time? Source: US Office of Management and Budget, Table 3.1—Outlays by Superfunction and Function: 1940–2021.

  24. 16.2 The Judiciary • Limited Role in Foreign and Defense Policy • Interventions to Protect Liberty • Habeas corpus for suspected terrorists

  25. 16.2 Interest Groups and Political Parties • Business Groups • Military-industrial complex • Ethnic Interest Groups • American-Israel Public Affairs Committees • Cuban-American National Foundation • Foreign Governments and Companies • Acquiring foreign aid, preventing hostile legislation • Ideological-Public Interest Groups • Think tanks, nongovernmental organizations • Disagreements along Party Lines • Republicans more assertive, unilateral • Democrats more inclined toward diplomacy, use of international institutions

  26. 16.2 What Are the Influences on Foreign and Defense Policy Making?

  27. 16.2 Journal Prompt • Describe the roles of the government and of other influences on U.S. foreign and defense policy.

  28. 16.3 Contemporary Challenges in Foreign and Defense Policy • The International Context • Trade • Terrorism • Nuclear Weapons • Global Climate Change

  29. 16.3 The International Context • Foreign Policy Realism • Nations act to protect their economic and security interests. • Emphasis on force • Foreign Policy Idealism • Nations act to promote their values and principles. • Emphasis on diplomacy, multilateral institutions

  30. 16.3 Trade • Types of Trade Policy • Protectionism • Strategic trade policy • Free trade system • Making Trade Policy • Bilateral agreements • Regional trade agreements • NAFTA • Trans-Pacific Partnership • Global free-trade system

  31. Figure 16.2 What Are the Major Markets for U.S. Exports? Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Statistics.

  32. 16.3 Terrorism • Terrorism against the United States • Steady flow of assaults since 9/11 • Fort Hood, 2009 • Boston Marathon bombing, 2013 • San Bernardino, CA, shooting 2015 • Counterterrorism Policy • Diplomacy • Military power • Economic power

  33. 16.3 How Does ISIS Challenge the Civilized World?

  34. 16.3 Nuclear Weapons • Disarmament • Eliminating nuclear weapons • Slim prospects • Arms Control • Decreasing the number and types of weapons • Defense • Increasing capacity to block or intercept attacks • Counterproliferation • Using preemptive military action against threats

  35. 16.3 Global Climate Change • Kyoto Protocol (1997) • Landmark multilateral agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions • Climate Action Plan (2013) • Cut U.S. carbon pollution • Prepare United States for impacts of climate change • Lead international efforts to address climate change • U.S.-China Agreement (2015) • Collaboration to phase out hydrofluorocarbons, develop carbon “capture and storage systems” • Paris Climate Agreement

  36. 16.3 Journal Prompt • Evaluate major foreign and defense policy challenges now facing the United States.

  37. 16.4 Toward Reform: Emerging Challenges • China • Russia • Europe • The Middle East and North Africa (Mena) Region

  38. 16.4 China • Both a Challenger and Logical Partner • China depends on the U.S. market. • U.S. borrows heavily from China. • China Is Modernizing Its Military Capabilities • Artificial islands in the South China Sea • U.S. response: deploying more military forces to the Pacific

  39. 16.4 Russia • President Vladimir Putin’s Consolidation of Power • Control of Russian media • Repression of political dissent • Use of military • Invasions of Georgia, Ukraine • Intervention in Syria

  40. 16.4 Europe • European Union • Twenty-eight member nations • Promotes cooperation rather than conflict • Severe challenges • Several countries at risk of default on loans • Massive inflows of refugees from Syria, Iraq, and other conflict zones • Terrorist attacks • U.K. withdrawal

  41. 16.4 The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region • The Entire Region Has Become Destabilized • Uprisings starting in 2010 • Civil wars, military crackdowns • U.S. Interests • Protecting allies: Turkey, Israel • Protecting global oil supplying • Thwarting terrorist forces

  42. 16.5 Shared Writing • Consider the topic of the “American Politics in Comparative Perspective” feature. What do you think accounts for the high level of U.S. military spending?

  43. Photo Credits Chapter 16 384: AFP/Getty Images; 387: Bettmann/Getty Images; 390: Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 393: Thomas Nilsson/Getty Images; 396: epaeuropeanpressphotoagency b.v. /Alamy Stock Photo; 400: NurPhoto/Getty Images; 406: EyePress News/SIPA/AP Images; 410: Lan Hongguang/Xinhua/Pool/AnadoluAgency/Getty Images

More Related