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Forestry & Society Forests of the U.S.

Forestry & Society Forests of the U.S. HORT/RGSC 302 J.G. Mexal. Importance of forests. National forests serve as watersheds providing water for 60 million people Roadkills total 1 million/day 2000 invasive species in US infesting 3.5 million ac and costing $120 billion Recreation:

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Forestry & Society Forests of the U.S.

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  1. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S. HORT/RGSC 302 J.G. Mexal

  2. Importance of forests • National forests serve as watersheds providing water for 60 million people • Roadkills total 1 million/day • 2000 invasive species in US infesting 3.5 million ac and costing $120 billion • Recreation: • 36 million off-roaders • 71 million birders spending $32 billion

  3. Forestry Facts • Pre-consumer recycled paper– trimmings and scraps before sales • Post-consumer recycled paper – recovered after use (newspapers, cardboard, etc) • Mechanical Pulping: up to 95% efficiency – used in newsprint • Chemical Pulping: dissolves lignin,bleached, stronger, lower yield

  4. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.--Outline • Forest Ownership • Forest Laws • Forest Types • Forest Harvesting

  5. Forestry & SocietyU.S. Land Use and Population / Pop.Act.Int’l 1999 Millions (ha) Year

  6. Forestry & SocietyGrowing Forests/ Mass. 1920-1985/ U.Mass. CES 1993

  7. Forestry & SocietyGrowing Forests/ Mass. 1971-1985/ U.Mass. CES 1993

  8. Changes in developed area from 1982-1997

  9. Who owns the Nation’s forests? Value = million acres 4 million landowners

  10. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.--Ownership Landowners (1000) Landholdings (ac) Butler & Leatherberry JFor 102:4:2004

  11. Forestry & SocietyA brief history of time • USDA formed in 1862 to improve food production • CSRS formed in 1887 by Hatch Act • USFS formed in 1905 (moved from Dept of Interior to Dept of Agriculture) • CES formed in 1914 by Smith-Lever Act • SCS (NRCS) formed in 1935 • ARS formed in 1953

  12. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.--Public Lands • US Forest Service (1905) • 192 million acres in 43 states (25% of public lands) • 156 national forests in 43 states • 85% in 13 western states • Bureau of Land Management (1812) • 341 million acres (~1/8 of US total land base) • Administers mineral leases on 732 million acres of federal land • National Park Service (1872) • 79.5 million acres (49 states, except Delaware)(11%) • Bureau of Indian Affairs • 55 million acres (7%)

  13. 1905 Mission “to protect the reserves against fire, to assist the people in their use, and to see that they are properly used.” 2005 Mission “to manage national forests for multiple uses and benefits and for the sustained yield of renewable resources such as water, forage, wildlife, wood and recreation.” Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.-- US Forest Service

  14. 1905 Chief Gifford Pinchot 83 forest reserves + no grasslands 63 million acres $400,000 annual budget 270 employees 2005 Chief Dale Bosworth 155 forests + 20 grasslands 192 million acres (8% of US) $4.1 billion annual budget 37,648 employees Only 2% of wood production comes from federal lands Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.-- US Forest Service

  15. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.--Laws • Forest Reserves Act (1891): set aside public lands in DoI • Organic Act (1897): manage public lands for water & timber • Transfer Act (1905): • transferred public lands from Dept. of Interior to USDA • formed USFS • 1908 Law allocated 25% of from FS timber revenues to counties (Payment in Lieu of Taxes [PILT]) • 1937 Law allocated 50% of BLM timber revenues to counties • Weeks Act (1911) • work w/ states in fire protection • purchase headwaters--established eastern Nat’l For.

  16. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.--Laws • Clarke-McNary Act (1924): • assist states with silviculture (fire, reforestation, mgt) • liberalized land acquisition programs • McSweeney-McNary Act (1928) • authorized comprehensive research programs in forestry & range management • Knutson-Vandenberg Act (1930) • created special fund for reforestation

  17. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.--Laws • L (1924) & U (1939) Regulations • Allowed primitive areas (L) and wilderness, wild, & recreational areas to be designated. • Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act (1960) • Forest & Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (RPA) (1974) • National Forest Management Act (NFMA) (1976) • incorporate other uses of forest in planning

  18. Major Forest Types

  19. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.--East • Southeastern Pine-Hardwood Forest • 13 southern states • Precipitation: 100-125 cm/yr (40-50”) • Mean annual Temperature: 10oC- 24oC (50-75oF) • Soils: deep (>150 cm), old, & weathered • Major species: Pinus taeda (loblolly) Pinus echinata (shortleaf) Pinus palustris (longleaf) Pinus elliotii (slash) P. virginiana (Virginia) Liquidambar (sweetgum) Quercus sp. (oaks)

  20. $14 billion = total industry output Paper = 3.8 billion Furniture = 4.1 billion Timber harvesting = 1.14 billion Lumber & wood products = 5.9 billion 141,848 jobs = total industry Paper = 30,688 Furniture = 50,079 Timber harvesting = 10,796 Lumber & wood products = 55,618 Forestry in Mississippi/1999 data18 million acres = 62% of state

  21. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.--Southeast www.nationalatlas.gov

  22. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.-- East • Central Hardwood Forest • 8 central states • Precipitation: 75-114 cm/yr (35-45”) • Mean annual Temperature: 8oC- 13oC (46-55oF) • Soils: deep (100-130 cm) • Major species: Pinus rigida(pitch)Quercus sp. (oaks) Liriodendron tulipifera (yellow poplar) Juniperus virginiana (eastern red cedar)

  23. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.-- East • Appalachian Hardwood-Conifer Forest • Elevation range: 200-2050 m • Precipitation: 90-140 cm/yr (35-55”) • Mean annual Temperature: 10oC- 15oC (50-60oF) • Major species: Pinus strobus (white)Pinus virginiana (Virginia) Quercus sp. (oaks) Abies fraseri (Fraser fir) Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock)

  24. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.-- East • Northern Hardwood-Conifer Forest • New England & Great Lakes region • Precipitation: 50-75 cm/yr (20-30”) • Mean annual Temperature: 0oC- 5oC (32-40oF) • Soils: shallow with water table near surface • Major species: Acer saccharum (sugar maple) Pinus strobus (white)Pinus resinosa (red) Quercus sp. (oaks) Abies balsamea (balsam) Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock)

  25. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.-- West • Northern Coastal Conifer Forest • AK, WA, OR, B.C. • Precipitation: 150-300 cm/yr (60-118”)[f(elev.)] • Mean annual Temperature: 5oC- 12oC (41-54oF) • Soils:glacial deposits • Elevation: 0-3000 m • Major species: Pseudotsuga menzeisii (Douglas-fir) • Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock) • Picea stichensis (Sitka spruce) Alnus rubra (alder)

  26. $14 billion = total industry output Paper = $1.2 billion Timber harvesting = $4.2 billion Lumber & wood products = $3.0 billion 74,817 jobs = total industry Secondary products = 23,259 Forestry & Timber harvesting = 20,220 Primary products = 31,338 Forestry in Oregon/1998 data16 million acres (25% of state) = #1 in lumber & plywood

  27. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.-- West/ Coombes 1992 Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir

  28. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.-- West • Southern Coastal Conifer Forest • CA, OR • Precipitation: 40-200 cm/yr (16-80”)[f(elev.)] • Mean annual Temperature: 5oC- 12oC (41-54oF) • Elevation: 0-2800 m • Major species: Sequoia sempervirens (redwood) Abies grandis (grand) Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey) Pinus lambertiana (sugar) Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port Orford cedar)

  29. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.-- West/ Audubon 1/01 Sugar pine - Pinus lambertiana

  30. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.-- West Sequoia sempervirens California redwood Sequoiadendron giganteum Giant sequoia

  31. Species vs Elevation in Sierra Nevadas/Forest Hydrology, Chang 2006

  32. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.-- West/ Science 204:1380-1386:1979

  33. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.--Questions • What are some major species of eastern forests? Describe them. • What are some major species of western forests? Describe them..What are some major species of southwestern forests? Describe them. Compare the productivity of temperate forests with tropical and boreal forests. • Describe the ownership pattern of forestland in the US. What were the major laws that determined US forest land policy? What did they do for US forest policy?

  34. Forestry & SocietyForests of the U.S.--Questions • Describe the SE pine-hardwood forest; location, diversity, species, climate, soils. • Describe the NE hardwood-conifer forest; location, diversity, species, climate, soils. • Describe the western coastal conifer forest; location, diversity, species, climate, soils. • Describe the Rocky Mountain conifer forest; location, diversity, species, climate, soils.

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