Rome

1. WHI.6 Rome

2. Geography (6a) • How was the geographic location important to the economic, social, and political development of ancient Rome?

3. Rome’s Geography.. • Located in Italy ( Boot-shaped Peninsula) • South of Europe and extends into the Mediterranean Sea (Half way between Africa and Europe) (Half way between East and West Mediterranean)

4. Rome Geography.. • Mountains • Located in the North • Protects, but does not isolate Rome • High mountain ranges= Alps

5. Rome Geography • Sea • Located in South, East, and West • Protects Rome • Provides transportation and trade

6. Geography • Rich soil and pleasant climate • Balance between agriculture and fishing • Rivers are short and swift • Provides little means of internal navigation.

7. Geography • Rome grows in center of peninsula • Several small villages, grouped around a central market (Forum)

8. Geography results • City prospered from its location • Bridge City- Control access across river • Valuable trade routes • Sea access

9. Roman Mythology • Based on the Greek Polytheistic religion • Explained natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events

10. Roman Mythology • The Roman gods and goddesses included..

11. Jupiter • Ruler of the Gods

12. Juno • Wife of Jupiter • Protector of marriage

13. Apollo • God of beauty, poetry, music and the sun

14. Diana • Goddess of earth, wildfire, and hunters

15. Minerva • Goddess of war and peace and wisdom

16. Venus • Goddess of love

17. Mythology • Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from Ancient Roman mythology • Owls: Wisdom • Cupid St. Valentine’s Day • Opposites: Yin/Yang • Olive Branch: Peace

18. Conquest of Italy • Latin's • Arrived around 1000 BC • Created small sheep herding villages • Greeks • Arrived ~750 BC • Trade colonies in the South • Brought religion, trade, & architecture • Etruscans • Arrived ~800 BC from Asia Minor • Brought writing, omen reading (auspices), trade, & architecture

19. Etruscans • They were great metal workers, jewelers, enjoyed dancing, banquets, women enjoyed greater freedom • Revolt • 509 BC • Roman aristocracy threw out TarquinisSuperbus (The last Etruscan monarch)

20. The Roman Republic • Republic- elected officials governed the state • Women, aliens, and slaves were excluded from the governing process • Became a foundation of modern democracy

21. Roman society • Divided between patrician families and plebian families

22. Social structure • Determined by birth, not wealth • Patricians: descendants of the founding fathers of Rome • Made laws for Rome • Plebeians: free citizens, merchants, artisans, soldiers • Could vote

23. Social structure • Slaves • Not race based • Prisoners of war, debtors, or poor

24. Citizenship • The citizens of the Roman Republic were the Patrician and Plebian men • No women and only selected foreigners • Rights and responsibilities of citizenship • Examples: paying taxes and military service

25. Conflict of the Orders • Patricians belief: • Only people with land would fight well • Established property qualifications to serve in military (plebeians became increasingly disqualified) • Problems of debt and land forces small landowners and poor into debt slavery • Threatened the protection of the people

26. Plebeians gain more power • Invaders threaten city • Plebeians refused to fight in the army until reforms were made • Form their own assembly “Plebeian Council” • Gained the right to elect own officials, called tribunes, • Protect them from unjust treatment

27. Twelve Tables • 451 BC Law written on 12 tablets and hung in Forum • the basis for Roman law • All free citizens had the protection of the law

28. Government of Rome Executive • 2 Consuls • Elected to 1 year terms • Had power to veto (could cancel laws)

29. Government Legislative • Senate • Made of patricians • Lifetime terms • Made laws • Assemblies • Made of citizen soldiers • Eventually gained the power to make laws

30. Government Judicial • Praetors • Judges chosen for one year to oversee courts

31. Roman Dictator (sometimes) • 6 month terms only in times of crisis • Appointed by consuls & approved by senate

32. military • All males required to be in military • Fought in Legions: 4000-6000 soldiers, mixed with Calvary • Legions broke into 60 Centuries (80-100 men)

33. The Punic wars

34. The Roman Army Who could be apart of the army? • All Roman citizens 17-46 yrs old with the minimum amount of property • 10 yrs in cavalry or 16 yrs infantry

35. The Roman Army • Success depended on military organization • Believed the citizens who had land to protect would fight bravely

36. Roman Army Military tactics • First used Greek Phalanx • Replaced by maniples • Better suited for rough terrain • maniples were combined into larger groups called cohorts • 10 cohorts of 600 men made up a legion

37. Roman Army • Legions • Commanded by officers called centurions • Disciplined and well trained

38. Rome and Carthage • Rome is located in Italy • Carthage is located on the northern coast of Africa (established by the Phoenicians, major trading center)

39. Rome and Carthage • Come into conflict with each other because of competition with trade • Rome extends southward • Carthage feared its commerce would be threatened • Carthage = powerful navy, little interest in dominating large areas of land • Rome = Powerful land army

40. 1st Punic War • Punic- Latin for Phoenician • Started in 264 BC and lasted for 23 yrs. • Who won? • Rome • Used planks on their ships to let their men run across to attack the enemy

41. Result of the 1st Punic War • Monetary (Money) settlement to Rome • Rome took over Sicily and other islands off of the coast of Italy.

42. 2nd Punic War (Hannibal’s Invasion) Hannibal= great Carthaginian general • Bitter from previous war • Lead 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants to Rome • Went through the Alps • Lost more than half of his men

43. 2nd Punic war • Defeated Romans repeatedly • Battle of Cannae (216 BC) = killed/wounded as many as 50,000 Romans • Publius Cornelius Scipio • Roman general • Plan to attack Carthage • Hannibal returned to Carthage to defend the city • Rome WON!

44. Conquest of the Mediterranean World • Rome imposed a harsh peace • Carthage loses its navy, Spanish possessions and independence • Citizens were outraged by Rome’s decision not to destroy Carthage

45. “Carthage Must Be Destroyed!! • 149 BC = Rome decided to destroy its old enemy once and for all • Declared a third Punic War • Following a three year siege, Carthage fell • Rome enslaved the population and destroyed the city • Poured salt all over the soil/ground in Carthage, so that they could no longer grow anything

46. After Rome’s Victory • Rome dominated the Mediterranean basin for 100 yrs. • This contributed to the spread of Roman culture throughout the area.

47. After Rome’s Victory • Mediterranean basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, Including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean) • Western Europe (Gaul, British Isles)