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1. China & The Europeans The Portuguese
The Portuguese reached China in 1514
In 1557 the Portuguese were allowed to establish a trading station at Macao
Jesuit missionaries brought Christianity on their voyages to the Far East.
2. China & The Europeans Matteo Ricci - a prominent Jesuit Missionary arrived in Beijing and brought with him his knowledge of science & astronomy
He adopted Chinese life
Dress, & Confucian Wisdom
Explained clocks
The use of astronomical instruments
Corrected the Chinese calendar
3. China & The Europeans Because the Jesuits were knowledgeable in Astronomy they assisted in revising the Chinese calendar and were able to gain access to the emperors inner circle of high ranking Chinese officials.
Jesuits Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534. The purpose of this organization was to spread Christianity.
4. China & The Europeans Jesuits gradually gained power within the Empire by converting many key officials to Christianity.
Jesuits gained political, economic and spiritual power which lead to some of them having the authority to shape imperial policy.
5. China & The Europeans Some Qing officials resented Jesuit influence and were suspicious of their influence over the Chinese.
The emperor realized that the Chinese converts to Catholicism were to promise allegiance to the Pope in Europe rather than the imperial throne.
6. China & The Europeans Overtime the emperors denounce Christianity as anti-Confucian, the number of converts decreases, and the Europeans are moved and confined to Macao.
7. China & The Europeans The British
During the 1600s the British established a trading route at Guangzhou & by the 1700s their ships visited the port regularly
The British purchased Silk & Tea which had become a commodity in Great Britain.
(Chinese tea is regarded at the best in the world by the British)
8. China & The Europeans
Chinese officials imposed special trade restrictions on the British East India Trading Company who established a monopoly on the Chinese Tea market.
Company ships had to stay at the port in Guangzhou
They could only reside in special areas outside city walls.
The company could only trade with officially approved Chinese merchants
This trading agreement stayed intact until Opium was introduced.
9. China & The Europeans Free Trade: Practice based on the belief that government should not restrict or interfere with international trade
Mercantilism: Economic theory stating that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world and that in order to receive a larger share, one country has to take some wealth away from another country
10. China & The Europeans The British government became involved in free trade with China by urging them to open more ports to the British.
The Chinese refused, the British did not like the British East India Companys monopoly on the tea market.
The British East India Company is abolished and reduced to a managing agency in India.
11. China & The Europeans The Opium Trade
The British East India Company used cotton purchased from India to pay for the Chinese tea.
China put a limit on cotton that could be traded for tea
This caused the British to find a different commodity to trade to the Chinese
The new product came in the form of the addictive narcotic known as Opium.
12. China & The Europeans The Chinese used silver to pay for the Opium cargoes from British India.
Chinese officials realize that their silver supply is being depleted by the trade.
(more silver flowing out than into the country)
The Opium trade began to undermine the Chinese economy at an alarming rate so officials demand that the trade cease and that all cargoes be turned over to the government
13. China & The Europeans The Opium War
The British disregard Chinese demands.
The Chinese try to enforce their new policy which resulted in war.
The Opium War lasted from 1839-1842
The Chinese Army & Navy are defeated by the British
1842 the British gain control of the region near Nanjing
The Chinese agree to negotiate on British Terms
14. China & The Europeans The Treaty of Nanjing:
Hong Kong is officially given to the British
5 more ports are open to the British
British goods are only subject to fixed, low tariffs (tax)
British officials are subject to British law not Chinese
Extraterritoriality: Exemption of foreigners from the laws of the country in which whey live or do business
15. China & The Europeans After the defeat of the Chinese to the British a monopoly on Chinese goods was established however this monopoly did not last for long.
France & the US demanded trade with the Chinese and more trading treaties were established.
The Chinese agreed to these treaties with other Western powers out of fear of invasion.
16. China & The Europeans Unequal Treaties: trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion; this gave Western powers trade benefits
The Russians established embassies in China, established treaties and benefited from extraterritoriality as well.
The Russians received land bordering the Sea of Japan and established the port of Vladivostok in the south
17. China & The Europeans Muslims in China also rebelled against the Qing empire but were put down.
The series of rebellion dramatically weakened the empire along with political turmoil and more foreign powers demanding trading concessions within the country.
18. China & The Europeans Religious Rebellions
Hong Xiuquan Christian influenced leader who claimed he was the younger brother of Jesus. He claimed that his mission was to establish a new dynasty in China called Taiping (heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace).
Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) caused massive destruction in Southern China and the Yangtze Valley. Millions were killed and farmland was destroyed.
19. China & The Europeans It is often said that the 'Opium War' was not fought over opium but in the name of free trade, as well as diplomatic and judicial equality with China.
Since the eighteenth century, the Chinese government had imposed severe restrictions on foreign trade, and was both suspicious and contemptuous of foreigners.
At Guangzhou (Canton), which was the only port open to foreign commerce, the exclusive right to deal with Westerners was held by a group of licensed merchants known as the Co-hong.
20. China & The Europeans Two developments in the 1830s undermined this relatively stable 'Canton system':
the significant expansion of opium smuggling
the rise of free-trade imperialism.
Opium poppy cultivation had long been established in India and had provided an important source of revenue to the Mughal Emperors.
In 1761 the E.I.C. obtained a monopoly over the opium production of British India, and soon afterwards the drug began to be shipped to China as part of the Company's triangular trade between India, Guangzhou and Britain.
