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Understanding DNA Transcription and Translation in Protein Synthesis

This guide covers the essential processes of transcription and translation in molecular biology. It explains how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, detailing how the mRNA strand is formed, including the replacement of thymine with uracil. It further explores the translation process where mRNA is used to assemble proteins with tRNA and rRNA, emphasizing the significance of codons in coding for amino acids. The guide also provides practice questions to reinforce understanding of complimentary DNA strands, mRNA sequences, and codon identification.

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Understanding DNA Transcription and Translation in Protein Synthesis

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  1. Transcription and Translation

  2. Remember: • DNA •  • RNA •  • Protein

  3. Practice: • What is the complimentary strand of DNA? • A C G A C T G C C Remember A with T C with G

  4. Practice: What is the mRNA strand for this sequence of DNA? • DNA: A C G C T T A • mRNA:

  5. The ultimate goal is to create proteins that the body can use!

  6. Transcription: (In the nucleus) • Uses Messenger RNA (mRNA) • RNA is always single stranded! • mRNA copies one side of DNA • mRNA carries this “message” to ribosomes where proteins are made

  7. mRNA • Thymine is replaced with Uracil (U) • Example: • DNA strand: A T C G G T A T • mRNA strand: U A G C C A U A

  8. Translation • Process where RNA is used to make proteins • Uses: • mRNA • transfer RNA (tRNA) • ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

  9. Transfer RNA • After the messenger RNA leaves the nucleus, it finds a ribosome • tRNA will then bring the correct amino acid to the ribosome to create a chain of proteins • Example: mRNA: A C G U U A tRNA: U G C A A U

  10. DNA strand: A T C G G A • mRNA strand: U A G C G U • tRNA strand: A U C G C A

  11. Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins • 3 Nucleotides makes one amino acid • Using mRNA: • ACC, UCG, UUU, AUC

  12. A codon is a specific amino acid • There are only so many combinations you can make with the four letters (AUCG)

  13. Codons • The start codon signals for the amino acid “Methionine” • This tells the sequence where to start • There are three codons that signal an end to a sequence • These do not code for anything, just to stop

  14. Use the mRNA sequence to figure out the codons! • Example: • DNA strand: A T G C G A • mRNA strand: U A C G C U • Codons: Tyrosine Alanine

  15. Practice: • DNA Strand: A C G A T C T • mRNA strand: • tRNA strand: • Codon:

  16. Strings of Amino acids make up Proteins!!!!

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