Sponge: Monday, February 13

1. Sponge: Monday, February 13 Write the question and correct answer (not just the letter): • The Articles of Confederation represented Americans’ distrust of • Authority • The British • States’ rights • A powerful national government • Demands for the calling of a Constitutional Convention in 1787 reflected the growing belief that the • Small and large states should be political equals • Rights of businesses were not being protected • National government needed to be strengthened • State governments had too little power

2. Sponge: Tuesday, February 14 • What is your definition of manifest destiny and how did yesterday’s topics demonstrate the concept?

3. Manifest Destiny • SSUSH7 Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it. • b. Describe the westward growth of the United States; include the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny.

4. “The whole continent appears to be destined...to be peopled by one nation. The acquisition of a definite line of boundary to the [Pacific] forms a great epoch in our history.” John Quincy Adams, 6thPresident (1825-1829), written in 1811

5. “...It is confidently believed that our system may be safely extended to the utmost bounds of our territorial limits, and that as it shall be extended the bonds of our Union… will become stronger...” From the inaugural address of James K. Polk, 11th President (1845-49)

6. Journalist John L. O' Sullivan, New York Morning News (1845) “The American claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative self-government entrusted to us. It is a right such as that of the tree to the space of air and earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth...It is in our future far more than in the past history of Spanish exploration or French colonial rights, that our True Title is to be found.”

7. Manifest Destiny • What do the terms “manifest” & “destiny” mean? • What were the perceived benefits of this westward expansion? • How did Americans justify their westward expansion? • What impact do you think the idea of Manifest Destiny had on westward expansion?

8. SSUSH6: Analyze the impact of territorial expansion and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation Element a: Explain the Northwest Ordinance’s importance in the westward migration of Americans, and on slavery, public education, and the addition of new states.

9. Today’s Essential Questions: What we should know by the end of class • How did the Northwest Ordinance set the tone for the future development of the United States? • How did the acquisition and exploration of the Louisiana Territory agree with Jefferson’s political philosophy? • Why have Americans moved west?

10. Westward Expansion in the New Nation • Great Britain took possession of the Northwest Territory after the French and Indian War • The growth of the population in the Colonies and states resulted in people moving west in search of new lands and resources • They met resistance from Native Americans and French Settlers (remember the French and Indian War?)

11. The Northwest Territory was north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River Northwest Ordinance 1787

12. The Northwest Ordinance - 1787 • After the American Revolution, Congress (under the Articles of Confederation) passed the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 which did several important things: • Divided the area into smaller territories • Provided guidelines under which new states could be admitted to the union • Made slavery illegal in the new territory (but slave-owners already there could keep their slaves)

13. Northwest Territory Growth NO SLAVERY . . . I’m on my way!!!!! WRONG • Laws were passed that made it difficult for blacks to move in; whites did not want competition for land and jobs • African Americans forced to pay money, if they did not own land

14. The Northwest Ordinance - 1787 • Eventually five states were created from this area: • Ohio • Indiana • Illinois • Michigan • Wisconsin

15. Division of Land under the Northwest Ordinance

16. The Northwest Ordinance & Education • The country used public education to maintain a sense of unity and national values (i.e., individualism and patriotism) as the country grew • They also believed that education was necessary to compete with other countries • Some states guaranteed public education to their citizens Noah Webster compiled the first US dictionary; this helped develop a national language and unify educational standards

17. SSUSH6: Analyze the impact of territorial expansion and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation Element b: Describe Jefferson’s diplomacy in obtaining the Louisiana Purchase from France and the territory’s exploration by Lewis and Clark

18. President Thomas Jefferson - #3 • Thomas Jefferson was 3rd president; elected in 1800 by House of Reps after a tie in the Electoral College • Republican (anti-Federalist) from Virginia; served two terms as pres • Main author of Declaration of Independence • Minister to France 1785 • Sec. of State under Pres. Washington • VP under Adams even tho they were from different parties

19. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 • As president, TJ wanted to expand U.S. trading on the Mississippi River (M.R.)—he believed it was important for citizens to have access to land • Sent representatives to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans because it was the city at the mouth of the M.R. and a major port • Because France was at war with Britain at the time (shocker) and trying to put down a slave revolt in Haiti (Saint Dominique), Napoleon agreed to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the U.S. for $15 million

20. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 • Constitution didn’t specifically give the president power to purchase land, but TJ made the purchase because it was in the best interests of the country • Remember, TJ was against a strong central government and didn’t want to read powers into the Constitution that weren’t there • This was an expansion of the powers of the central government

21. Video on Louisiana Purchase • Questions to answer during video: • What did President Jefferson authorize the U.S. ambassadors to purchase from France? • What did they end up purchasing? • Why was this purchase controversial?

22. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803

23. Significance of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 • Largest land purchase in U.S. history • Doubled the size of the United States • Economic turning point for the country HOW???

24. What did we know about the continent in the early 1800s?

25. The Lewis and Clark Expedition • In February 1803, TJ won approval from Congress for a visionary project to explore the western part of the continent PURPOSE of Lewis & Clark Expedition: • To explore the newly bought territory • To find water route to Pacific Ocean RESULTS of Lewis & Clark Expedition: • Oregon Trail – Contributed to the rapid migration of the population to Pacific Northwest

26. Video about the Lewis and Clark Expedition • Questions to answer during video: • What did President Jefferson want Lewis and Clark to find out on their expedition? • What did the expedition discover? • How did Sacajawea assist the explorers?

27. Outbound route in red; return route in blue

28. Thomas Jefferson & Louisiana Purchase • Louisiana purchase boosted TJ’s popularity and he won a second term in 1804

29. Work Period: Monday, February 13 • In your group, create a poster or a brochure that demonstrates the concept of Manifest Destiny. • Your product must use the language of the standards and include persuasive images and language to support the westward migration of American settlers • Include at least three images • Include at least four facts from what we have covered thus far to support westward migration You could do this as a travel brochure/poster, a propaganda poster or

30. Manifest Destiny “Future” “Obvious” • In the 1840s, westward expansion led Americans to acquire all lands from the Atlantic to Pacific in a movement called Manifest Destiny • Americans flooded into the West for new economic opportunities • The U.S. gained Texas, Oregon, California, & other territories through treaty or war

31. Reasons for Manifest Destiny • Changes in the early 1800s (1800-1840), encouraged westward expansion in the 1840s • Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the USA • Lewis & Clark’s exploration confirmed the economic potential of the western territory What changed in the 1840s that encouraged westward expansion?

33. When Americans were colonists (1607-1783), the western border was the Appalachian Mountains

34. After the Revolutionary War, the western border of the U.S. was the Mississippi River

35. After Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the western border was the Rocky Mountains

36. By 1850, the western border was the Pacific Ocean from Oregon to California

37. Today’s Essential Questions: What We Should Know by the End of Class • How did the Northwest Ordinance set the tone for the future development of the United States? • How did the acquisition and exploration of the Louisiana Territory agree with Jefferson’s political philosophy?

38. Sponge: Wednesday, February 15 • Everyone should have a blue book • If you aren’t in a history ELT, see me for notes we covered yesterday in afternoon ELT 1. What effect did the Erie Canal have? a. It hurt New York because other cities could better compete with it economically. b. It discouraged western migration. c. Steam-powered boats were no longer useful because the canal encouraged land travel. d. New York’s economy grew because the canal allowed manufacturers to ship products more easily. 2. In what ways did the War of 1812 help to forge a national identity?

39. SSUSH6: Analyze the impact of territorial expansion and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation Element c: Explain the major reasons for the War of 1812 and the war’s significance on the development of a national identity

40. Today’s Essential Question: What We Should Know by the End of Class How was the identity of the United States strengthened by the War of 1812 and territorial expansion?

41. President James Madison - #4 • James Madison elected the 4th president in 1808; served two terms from 1809-1817 • Republican • Previously served in Continental Congress and at Constitutional Convention • Often called the “Father of the Constitution” and was one of the main authors of the Bill of Rights • Served as TJ’s Secretary of State

42. The War of 1812 • President Madison asked Congress to declare war on Great Britain • Congress declared war on Great Britain on June 18, 1812 Why were we willing to go to war with Great Britain less than 30 years after the Revolutionary War ended???

43. The War of 1812-Causes 1. Great Britain was restricting trade between neutral American merchants and France (remember, France and Britain were at war at this time) 2. Some Americans believed that the British were encouraging Native American resistance with military support in order to prevent further settlement west of the Appalachians 3. Some Americans felt threatened by Britain’s presence in Canada and wanted to kick the British out of Canada so U.S. could take control 4. British navy continued to impress American sailors (they captured over 10,000 U.S. sailors at sea and forced them to work on British ships)

44. The War of 1812 • British invaded and burned Washington, DC, including the White House and Capitol, in August, 1814; President Madison and his wife were forced to flee • U.S. won a big battle at Fort McHenry, which inspired Francis Scott Key to write his first draft of the Star Spangled Banner • Andrew Jackson (future US president) won key victories at the battles of Horseshoe Bend and New Orleans • U.S. has enough victories in battle that Great Britain agrees to a peace treaty

46. Letter by First Lady Dolly Madison during the Burning of Washington, D.C. “Our kind friend, Mr. Carroll, has come to hasten my departure . . . because I insist on waiting until the large picture of General Washington is secured, and it requires to be unscrewed from the wall. This process was found too tedious for these perilous moments; I have ordered the frame to be broken, and the canvas taken out. It is done! and the precious portrait placed in the hands of two gentlemen of New York, for safe keeping. And now, dear sister, I must leave this house, or the retreating army will make me a prisoner in it by filling up the road I am directed to take. When I shall again write to you, or where I shall be tomorrow, I cannot tell!"

47. The War of 1812-Results • War ended with the Treaty of Ghent, December 1814 • U.S. didn’t formally gain new lands, but it kept the Mississippi River and western frontier open • Didn’t end impressment or deal with shipping rights • Ended military hostilities between U.S. and Great Britain • U.S. military proved itself a worthy opponent of European powers who might seek to assert themselves in North America • The Federalist party had opposed the war, so they lost credibility and faded from politics

48. The War of 1812-Results, continued • American sense of pride at defeating Great Britain again helped produce a stronger sense of national identity • The war also required the development of U.S. industries because it was so difficult to trade safely with other countries • U.S. manufacturing (mostly in the north) and agriculture (mostly in the south) improved and grew more prosperous

49. Work Period: Tuesday, February 14 • War of 1812 video • In small groups, answer the essential questions using language of the standards: • How was the identity of the United States strengthened by the War of 1812 and territorial expansion? • How did the Northwest Ordinance set the tone for the future development of the United States? • How did the acquisition and exploration of the Louisiana Territory agree with Jefferson’s political philosophy?

50. Sponge: Wednesday, February 15 • Everyone should have a blue book • If you aren’t in a history ELT, see me for notes we covered yesterday in afternoon ELT 1. What effect did the Erie Canal have? a. It hurt New York because other cities could better compete with it economically. b. It discouraged western migration. c. Steam-powered boats were no longer useful because the canal encouraged land travel. d. New York’s economy grew because the canal allowed manufacturers to ship products more easily. 2. In what ways did the War of 1812 help to forge a national identity?