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Citing Sources

Citing Sources . How to properly cite sources both narratively and parenthetically. First Step: Create Works Cited . Create works cited/ working bibliography This is so you know what the first word/s of the entry are, so you will know what gets included in the in-text citation

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Citing Sources

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  1. Citing Sources How to properly cite sources both narratively and parenthetically

  2. First Step: Create Works Cited • Create works cited/ working bibliography • This is so you know what the first word/s of the entry are, so you will know what gets included in the in-text citation • Bird, Big. “The Fluffy Feathers.” Sunny Skies 49.2 (2007): 45-54. Bird is the key for the in-text citation

  3. When to Cite Sources in paper Whenever you quote from a source. When borrowing ideas from a source, even when you use your own words by paraphrasing or summarizing. When you borrow factual information from a source that is not common knowledge.

  4. The Basics of In-text Citations • As close as possible to the borrowed material • Need two pieces of info: what source from (which will match the works cited) and page number (if available) • Two ways to achieve the transmission of this info: • Parenthetical in-text citation • Narrative in-text citation

  5. Parenthetical In-text Citations Short-hand publication info in parenthesis The first word/s on works cited will appear in the parenthesis along with page number (exceptions will apply) Yayayaya “yayayaya” yaya (Bird 48). Notice: no comma between author and page number. Notice: period comes at end

  6. Example • From the very beginning of Sesame Street in 1969, kindergarten teachers discovered that incoming students who had watched the program already knew their ABCs (Chira 13).

  7. Example Explicated • The parenthetical tells readers two things: • The info about Sesame Street came from somewhere other than the writer…in this case Chira. • The ideas came from page 13 in Chira’s work • The full bibliographic information appears on the Works Cited page at the end of the essay • Chira, Susan. “Sesame Street At 20: Taking Stock.” New York Times 15 Nov. 1989: 13. Lexis Nexis. Web. 7 July 2010.

  8. Narrative in-text citations Cite this way the first time you introduce a source Citing source is done at the sentence level rather than in parenthesis Page numbers must still appear in parenthesis “One thing is clear,” writes Thomas Mallon, “plagiarism didn’t become a truly sore point with writers until they thought of writing as their trade […] Suddenly his capital and identity were at stake” (3-4).

  9. Example Explicated Author’s last name omitted in parenthesis because it appeared in the narrative. Page numbers still in parenthetical Ellipsis […] used when parts of the original quotation are left out.

  10. When there is No Author Some sources are anonymous Cite the first word/words that appear on the Works Cited  typically the article title Truncate the title if it is long to the first few key words Include page number

  11. Example of No Author (parenthetical) • The Works Cited entry is as follows: • “Getting Yours: A Publicity and Funding Primer for Nonprofit Organizations.” People 32.1 (2002): 3-12. • Example: Simply put, public relations is “doing good and getting credit” for it (“Getting Yours” 3).

  12. Example of No Author (narratively) • The Works Cited entry is as follows: • “Getting Yours: A Publicity and Funding Primer for Nonprofit Organizations.” People 32.1 (2002): 3-12. Example: (assume the article has been previously introduced) According to “Getting Yours,” simply put, public relations is “doing good and getting credit” for it (3).

  13. When there are multiple works by the same author • Parenthetical citation that lists only author and page number is not enough to distinguish. • Include author’s name, abbreviated title, and page number. “Blah blah blah” (Bird, “Getting Yours” 34). “Blah blah blah” (Bird, “Write to Learn” 678).

  14. The Works Cited for Multiples: Murray, Donald M. Teach Writing: A Practical Method of Teaching Composition. Boston: Houghton, 1968. Murray, Donald M. Write to Learn. 3rd ed. Fort Worth: Holt, 1990.

  15. Example: Multiple Works by Same Author The thing that distinguishes the amateur from the experienced writer is focus; one “rides off in all directions at once,” and the other finds one meaning around which everything revolves (Murray, Write to Learn 92). Notice: a comma between name and title, but no comma between title and page

  16. Using narrative citations • Narrative “lead-in” can come at the beginning, middle, or end of sentence • Vary the way you use lead-ins and the words you use to represent • The first time used, introduce fully • Subsequent times used, can refer to last name or truncated title • If page numbers available, be sure to put those in parenthesis as well

  17. List of Active Lead-in Phrases Accepts Acknowledges Adds Affirms Agrees Argues Asserts Believes Cautions Challenges Claims Comments Confirms Contends Contradicts Concedes Declares Denies Describes Disagrees Discusses Disputes Emphasizes Endorses Explains

  18. List of Active Lead-in Phrases Grants Highlights Implies Insists Maintains Negates Notes Observes Outlines Proposes Refutes Rejects Reports Responds Shows Suggests Thinks Urges Verifies Writes

  19. First introduction to a source • use a narrative lead-in • Give the author’s full name and credentials • Current title/position, level of expertise, background • Include year published to establish currency • If appearing in a larger publications (articles) include name of publication: The New York Times, The Huffington Post, etc. • Boosts ethos • Once established, the last-name only is sufficient

  20. Multiple Authors If a source has more than one author, list them in the same order that appears on Works Cited Ex: Herman, Brown, and Martel predict dramatic changes in the earth’s climate in the next 200 years. NOT in alphabetical order!

  21. No Page Numbers Many internet cites don’t have page numbers; DO NOT NUMBER PAGES YOURSELF. PDF files often have them, but HTML files don’t Just list the author or title in the parenthetical. You can label paragraphs as: (Smith para. 3)

  22. Example without Page Numbers It is now theoretically possible to recreate an identical creature from any animal or plant by using the DNA contained in the nucleus of any somatic cell (Thomas). It is now theoretically possible, poses Thomas, to recreate an identical creature from any animal or plant by using the DNA contained in the nucleus of any somatic cell.

  23. Final Thoughts Balance the number of narrative citations and the number of parenthetical citations Don’t sound like a broken record (ie: Don’t start each sentence with: According to Bird…) Be sure to cite everything borrowed Be sure to cite correctly Start with a works cited!

  24. Weekly Homework Read and Summarize: Ethics (pick 2 of 3) “It’s Time for a Real Code of Ethics in Teaching” pg. 195 “A Question of Honor” pg. 199 “Harvard Cheating Scandal: Can an Honor Code Prevent Cheating at Harvard?” pg. 215 Due Friday before class! Post to Discussion Forum (Forum #5) Due Friday by 11:59pm Read: Joining the Conversation: Chapter 21 Using MLA Style or Chapter 22 Using APA Style

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