What is Weather?

1. What is Weather? Weather - is the condition of air on earth at any given time or place- whether its warm or cold, dry or wet, blowing or calm.

2. REASONS FOR SEASONS • THE EARTH IS TITLED ON AN AXIS AT THE NORTH AND SOUTH POLE AND THIS CREATES THE SEASONS. • THE IMAGINARY LINE RUNNING THROUGH THE MIDDLE OF THE EARTH IS CALLE D THE EARTH’S AXIS/EQUATOR. • ANOTHER REASON WE HAVE DIFFERENT SEASONS IS BECAUSE THE EARTH MOVES AROUND THE SUN SO THE NORTH POLE IS EITHER FACING TOWARD THE SUN OR AWAY FROM THE SUN. • THE EARTH’S TILT CAUSES DIFFERENT AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT TO REACH THE EARTH AT DIFFERENT TIMES IN THE YEAR. THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE GETS MORE DIRECT SUNLIGHT IN THE SUMMER BECAUSE THE SOUTERN HEMSPHERE IS TITLTED AWAY FROM THE SUN THEY ARE HAVING THEIR WINTER. • NEAR THE EQUATOR, THE EARTH DOESN’T HAVE WINTER OR SUMMER. THE WEATHER BARELY CHANGES AT ALL.

3. REVOLUTION AND ROTATION • REVOLUTION: EARTH MOVING IN A PATH AROUND THE SUN, RESULTING IN ONE EARTH YEAR. • ROTATION: THE EARTH SPINNING AROUND EVERY 24 HOURS, RESULTING IN DAY AND NIGHT.

4. There are many geography factors that affect weather and climate. They include: • Latitude –how far away from the equator • Altitude-how high up you are, mountain • Winds-temperature of wind chill • Distance from the sea- water warms up and cools faster then land. • Urbanization-living in the city is hotter

5. Latitude: The distance from the equator can determine weather and climate. As you move closer to the equator the temperature increases. The farther away you are from the equator the temperature decreases. This is due to the sun’s rays.

6. Earth has three major climate zones. These zones are determined by latitude, or their position on Earth in relation to the equator

7. Altitude: The farther up you go the temperature decreases and it gets cold. Air is less dense and cannot hold the heat. Notice that there is snow at the top of this mountain. The higher up you go the colder it becomes. Therefore, mountain regions have colder temperatures.

8. Distance from the sea and bodies of water: The closer you are to the ocean the cooler the temperature.Water warms and cools much more SLOWLY than land.The temperature of water does NOT change as quickly as the temperature on land does.Land near water has milder weather because of the water’s influence. That’s why cities like Wilmington have cooler temperatures then cities like Raleigh.

9. Bodies of Water • Lakes help moderate the temperatures on the land • The nearby water causes an increase in moisture in the air, so in the winter these areas experience heavy snowfall. Lake Effect Snow

10. Urbanization: Living near or in a city also affect the temperature. Cities usually have warmer and rainier weather because it is surrounded by pavement , larger building and factories.

11. Winds: Depending of where the winds came from, they can increase or decrease temperature. Example: If cold winds blow, especially from the north, temperature is colder. If warm winds blow, usually from the south, the temperature is warmer. When wind blows against a mountain it causes the air to rise and cool. When it flows over the mountain and down the other side it causes the air to become cooler and takes the moisture from the clouds to create rain. This is called the rain shadow effect

12. WATER CHANGES FROM A SOLID, LIQUID, TO A GAS Objective: (5.P.2.1) The sun heats up the water. The warmed liquid water turns into water vapor (gas) and rises in the sky. This process is called evaporation. (Gas) As the water vapor rises, it cools down. The cooled water vapor turns back into tiny water droplets. The tiny water droplets forms clouds and this is called condensation. The heavy water in the clouds fall back to the earth in rain, sleet, snow, or hail. This is called precipitation. (liquid) Once the water falls back to the earth, it will run off the land, mountains, hills, and rocks, going into the lakes, streams, rivers, and oceans. This is called runoff. If the water does not runoff the land, it will soak into the ground. This is called ground water. Transpiration As plants absorb water from the soil, the water moves from the roots through the stems to the leaves. Once the water reaches the leaves, some of it evaporates from the leaves, adding to the amount of water vapor in the air. This process of evaporation through plant leaves is called transpiration.

13. STEPS IN THE WATER CYCLE The Sun heats the Earth’s water 1. The warmed water turns into water vapor and rises in the air as a gas. This is called evaporation. As the water vapor continues to rise it reaches cooler air and forms droplets of water 2. The tiny water droplets form clouds where the droplets join closer together,. This is called condensation. 3. The water droplets become very heavy and fall to Earth as precipitation 4. Then the water either runs off the land and into the water as runoff or soaks into the ground.

14. Step 1: Evaporation- What happens to your bathing suit when you get out of the pool on a hot summer day? It dries. The heat from the sun evaporates the water. The liquid water turns into a gas called water vapor. The water vapor is now in the air

15. Water Vapor-When water is heated, it becomes a gas. This gas is called water vapor, or steam. When water vapor is cooled, it turns into water again.

16. Step 2: Condensation- Water vapor in the air gets cold and changes back into liquid, forming clouds. This is called condensation. You can see the same sort of thing at home... pour a glass of cold water on a hot day and watch what happens. Water forms on the outside of the glass. That water didn't somehow leak through the glass! It actually came from the air. Water vapor in the warm air, turns back into liquid when it touches the cold glass. Water vapor in the air gets cold and changes back into liquid, forming clouds. This is called condensation.

17. Step 3:Precipitation- Precipitation occurs when so much water has condensed that the air cannot hold it anymore. The clouds get heavy and water falls back to the earth in the form of rain, hail, sleet or snow. When water falls back to earth as precipitation, it may fall back in the oceans, lakes or rivers or it may end up on land. When it ends up on land, it will either soak into the earth and become part of the “ground water” that plants and animals use to drink or it may run over the soil and collect in the oceans, lakes or rivers where the cycle starts all over again.

18. Step 4:Runoff or Ground Water- Much of the water that returns to Earth as precipitation runs off the surface of the land, and flows down hill into streams, rivers, ponds and lakes or it soak in the ground.

19. WATER CYCLE SONGS (Song to the tune of , It’s Raining, It’s Pouring.) ITS RAINING, ITS POURING THE OCEANS ARE STORING, WATER FROM THE FALLING RAIN WHILE THINDERCLOUDS ARE ROARING THE RAIN NOW IS STOPPING THE RAIN’S NO LONGER DROPPING SUN COMES OUT AND SOAKS UP WATER LIKE A MOP THAT’S MOPPING THE WATER’S STILL THERE NOW BUT HIDDEN IN THE AIR NOW IN THE CLOUDS IT MAKES A HOME UNTIL THIERE’S RAIN TO SHARE NOW Liquid or solid if its snow Gas Liquid

20. Gas Liquid and gas Liquid

21. Questions on how the sun’s energy impacts the process of the water cycle (5.P.2.1) 1. Which term best describes the flow of water over land? A. Runoff B. Precipitation C. condensation D. Transpiration

22. Questions on how the sun’s energy impacts the process of the water cycle (5.P.2.1) 2. Which best explains what happens first when water evaporates? a. A liquid turns into a gas. B. A gas turns into a liquid. C. A liquid turns into a solid D. A solid turns into a liquid

23. Questions on how the sun’s energy impacts the process of the water cycle (5.P.2.1) 3. A student gets a can of soda from the refrigerator. There is a thin film of moisture on the surface of the can. Which best describes the source of the moisture? A. Water from the air condensed on the can. B. Water from the can evaporated into the air C. Melted ice from the refrigerator forms on the can D. Ice from the refrigerator becomes frozen on the can.

24. 4. Which process of the water cycle would be most affected by a lack of sunlight? • A. condensation • B. precipitation • C. evaporation • D. runoff

25. Questions on how the sun’s energy impacts the process of the water cycle (5.P.2.1) 5. Which two processes increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere as a result of heat from the sun? A. surface run-off and transpiration B. condensation and precipitation C. evaporation and condensation D. transpiration and evaporation

26. 6. Which causes water to soak the ground? • A. high levels of condensation • B. high levels of transpiration • C. high levels of precipitation • D. high levels of evaporation

27. 7. Which term bestdescribes the flow of water over land? • A. runoff  • B. precipitation • C. transpiration • D. condensation 

28. 8. Which describes the processes involved in causing rain? A. Warm air moves in below cool air, pushing the cool air up, which causes clouds to form and rain to fall. B. Cool air moves in above warm air, pushing the warm air down, which causes clouds to form and rain to fall C. As warm air rises, it cools, causing water to condense on dust particles and form clouds. The water eventually falls as rain. D. As cool air rises, it warms, causing water to condense and form clouds. The water molecules eventually fall as rain.

29. Clouds Clouds are billons of tiny water droplets and even ice crystals floating in the sky. Clouds form when rising air cools and the moisture in it condenses to water droplets. Clouds can also be described by the altitude/height and shape.

30. Types of Clouds • Cirrus: clouds are high, thin, and wispy white clouds that are made of tiny ice pieces and they bring nice weather and usually means a change in the weather. • Stratus: are flat gray clouds which are layered and low to the ground. When stratus clouds are low to the ground, it creates fog. These clouds usually mean rain is coming. • Cumulus: are big, white, puffy , clouds that look like cauliflower. They bring fair weather on sunny days. • Cumulonimbus: thick, dark, tall puffythunderheads clouds means heavy rain and thunderstorms.

31. Altitude and Cloud Formation at which they form. The prefix cirro means clouds that form high in the sky.

32. The prefix alto are Clouds that form in the middle of the sky . A stratus cloud that forms at a middle altitude is called an altostratus cloud. • Alto cumulus alto stratus

33. The prefix strato are clouds that form at low altitudes or low in the sky so a cumulus cloud that forms at a low altitude is called a stratocumulus cloud. Nimbostratus

34. Look at the clouds up in the sky,Tell me what you see,If they're all the same to your eyes,Well you're a lot like me.I used to think that clouds were clouds,But now I've changed my tune.They do a lot more than block the sunAnd I'll sing their song to you.Clouds have their own familiesThat look and act alike.But just like brothers and sisters,They're different as day and night.The stratus clan when low is fogThey're usually not real thick.So they will rarely rain on youNimbo stratus does that trick.Cumulus are heaped up cloudsWith bottoms that are flat.Their cauliflower tops are pretty fairBut towering ones change that.Cirrus clouds like flying high,Of ice crystals they are made.They often look just like a mare's tail,So they shouldn't make you afraid.So now you know three main families,From bottom to the top.Stratus, cumulus, and cirrus,And it's time for me to stop. Songs About Clouds • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-ipJLjiIcc • http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=38953

35. The Cloud Song (Sing to the tune of the Farmer and the Dell) The puffy, flat white clouds, We call them cumulus Hi-Ho-a-cloud-e-oh The puffy, flat, white clouds The feathery, thin white clouds Are cirrus high in the sky Hi-Ho-a-cloud-e-oh The feathery, thin white clouds The gray and fogy clouds Are stratus low in the sky Hi-Ho-a-cloud-e-oh The dark and stormy clouds Watch out for nimbus rain Hi-Ho-a-cloud-e-oh The dark and stormy clouds

36. Guess the Clouds • These clouds form when the wind is strong

37. Brings fair weather

38. Brings thunderstorms

39. Another word for fog

40. Air Mass A large body of air that has the same temperature and level of humidity throughout. cool air masses: where the land temperature is cool warm air masses: form over the land that is warm. dry air masses: form over dry areas wet air masses: form over wet areas like oceans.

41. Air Masses are named for where they form!

42. Fronts When air masses meet, a boundary called a front is formed, preventing the masses from mixing. • Two different types of air masses do not mix, because of the different densities • Warm is less dense than cold air. • When warm air and cold air meet, warm air will rise above cold air.

43. Cold Front • Cold Front: cold air cuts underneath the warm air and forces the warm air up and forms a narrow band of thick cumulonimbus clouds. This produces cold weather, heavy rain, thunderstorms, or snow.

44. Warm Front • A warm front is when warm air mass moves up and over a cold air mass. This produces cirrus clouds and rainy, drizzly weather. Often followed by clear, warm weather Direction of Front Warm Air Cold Air Mass

45. Occluded Front • Two cold air masses move toward each other, warmer air between is pushed up and brings Cool temperatures, plenty of rain and snow. Warm Air Cold Air Mass Cold Air Mass

46. Stationary Front • When a warm and cold air mass meets, but neither has enough energy to push against each other. This produces stratus clouds and Many days of overcast, rainy weather Cold Air Mass Warm Air

47. Cold Front: A cold air mass moves under a warm air mass & pushes the warm air upward. .Cold fronts bring heavy rain and thunderstorms and cold weather. Warm front: forms when warm air bumps with colder air. This front brings rainy, drizzly weather, often followed by warm, clear weather . Occluded front: forms when a warm air mass is caught between two cold air masses. This brings cool temperatures and lots of rain and snow. Stationary front: occurs when a warm air mass and a cold air mass meet.. This brings many days of overcast and rainy weather.

48. Barometric Pressure Barometers measure air pressure. If air pressure changes, it means the weather is probably going to change, too. Rising barometric pressure means the weather will probably be dry and clear. Falling barometric pressure means rain or storms are coming, can also bring hurricanes and tornadoes

49. Other Weather Tools that help Predict the Weather • Thermometer measures temperature outside. • Rain Gauge measures the amount of rain fall.

50. Weather Tools • Wind Vane: measures wind direction • Anemometer measures wind speed in miles per hour Hygrometer measures the amount of humidity or moisture is in the air, amount of water