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Tuesday Lecture – Sugar

Tuesday Lecture – Sugar. Reading: Textbook, Chapter 7, 8. Quiz. Quiz 1. We use the name “potato” for two different food crops, the “Irish Potato” and the “Sweet Potato”. Which of these is a root and which is a stem?

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Tuesday Lecture – Sugar

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  1. Tuesday Lecture – Sugar Reading: Textbook, Chapter 7, 8

  2. Quiz

  3. Quiz 1. We use the name “potato” for two different food crops, the “Irish Potato” and the “Sweet Potato”. Which of these is a root and which is a stem? 2. What are the two major crops that serve as the source of sugar for people? 3. What plant is the topic of your plant project?

  4. Sweets – A Plant Specialty

  5. Sweets – A Plant Specialty Sugar – chemist = carbohydrate, formula CH2O

  6. Sweets – A Plant Specialty Sugar – chemist = carbohydrate, formula CH2O - many chemicals included in this category

  7. Sweets – A Plant Specialty Sugar – chemist = carbohydrate, formula CH2O - many chemicals included in this category Sugar – consumer – the specific sugar sucrose 2 units (disaccharide): glucose-fructose

  8. Sweets – A Plant Specialty Sugar – chemist = carbohydrate, formula CH2O - many chemicals included in this category Sugar – consumer – the specific sugar sucrose 2 units (disaccharide): glucose-fructose Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose

  9. Sweets – A Plant Specialty Sugar – chemist = carbohydrate, formula CH2O - many chemicals included in this category Sugar – consumer – the specific sugar sucrose 2 units (disaccharide): glucose-fructose Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose Note – terminology can get confusing here – mixture of chemical and colloquial terms: Glucose = d-Glucose = Dextrose Fructose + Glucose - bee sugar (in honey); “inverted” sugar

  10. Primary Plant Sources of Sugar sugar yield Sugar Cane – Saccharum officinarum 10% 10 tons/hectare

  11. Primary Plant Sources of Sugar sugar yield Sugar Cane – Saccharum officinarum 10% 10 tons/hectare Sugar Beet – Beta vulgaris 17% 7 tons/hectare

  12. Primary Plant Sources of Sugar sugar yield Sugar Cane – Saccharum officinarum 10% 10 tons/hectare Sugar Beet – Beta vulgaris 17% 7 tons/hectare Sorghum – Sorghum bicolor Palm – Phoenix dactylifera

  13. Primary Plant Sources of Sugar sugar yield Sugar Cane – Saccharum officinarum 10% 10 tons/hectare Sugar Beet – Beta vulgaris 17% 7 tons/hectare Sorghum – Sorghum bicolor Palm – Phoenix dactylifera Maple – Acer saccharum 8% (sap)

  14. Where Sugar is Produced

  15. Sugar Cane Saccharum officinarum – member of Poaceae (Grass family) Native to: Polynesia

  16. Harvesting Sugar Cane

  17. Refining Sugar Cane 1. Cane solids are separated from juice 3. Syrup is boiled and sugar is crystallized 2. Juice is processed to concentrate sugar

  18. Sugar Cane Products “Raw” Sugar – shipped to country where used, further refined there

  19. Sugar Cane Products “Raw” Sugar – shipped to country where used, further refined there • Sugar Types: • standard crystals  “regular” sugar (crystal size can vary)

  20. Sugar Cane Products “Raw” Sugar – shipped to country where used, further refined there • Sugar Types: • standard crystals  “regular” sugar (crystal size can vary) • ground crystals (+ cornstarch)  powdered (confectioner’s) sugar

  21. Sugar Cane Products “Raw” Sugar – shipped to country where used, further refined there • Sugar Types: • standard crystals  “regular” sugar (crystal size can vary) • ground crystals (+ cornstarch)  powdered (confectioner’s) sugar • crystals “glued” with sugar syrup  sugar cubes

  22. Sugar Cane Products “Raw” Sugar – shipped to country where used, further refined there • Sugar Types: • standard crystals  “regular” sugar (crystal size can vary) • ground crystals (+ cornstarch)  powdered (confectioner’s) sugar • crystals “glued” with sugar syrup  sugar cubes • crystals mixed with syrup from refining  brown sugar

  23. Sugar Cane Products “Raw” Sugar – shipped to country where used, further refined there • Sugar Types: • standard crystals  “regular” sugar (crystal size can vary) • ground crystals (+ cornstarch)  powdered (confectioner’s) sugar • crystals “glued” with sugar syrup  sugar cubes • crystals mixed with syrup from refining  brown sugar • crystals mixed with glucose  “blended” sugar (cheaper)

  24. Sugar Cane Products “Raw” Sugar – shipped to country where used, further refined there • Sugar Types: • standard crystals  “regular” sugar (crystal size can vary) • ground crystals (+ cornstarch)  powdered (confectioner’s) sugar • crystals “glued” with sugar syrup  sugar cubes • crystals mixed with syrup from refining  brown sugar • crystals mixed with glucose  “blended” sugar (cheaper) • Byproducts: • Molasses • syrups of various types

  25. Sugar Cane – History Sugar Cane – domesticated in New Guinea (?)

  26. Sugar Cane – History Sugar Cane – domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992 B.C. – unrefined sugar being produced in India

  27. Sugar Cane – History Sugar Cane – domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992 B.C. – unrefined sugar being produced in India 642 A.D. – Arab-speaking peoples get sugar refining from Persia

  28. Sugar Cane – History Sugar Cane – domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992 B.C. – unrefined sugar being produced in India 642 A.D. – Arab-speaking peoples get sugar refining from Persia 11th Century - Crusaders bring sugar to Europe (1099 in England)

  29. Sugar Cane – History Sugar Cane – domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992 B.C. – unrefined sugar being produced in India 642 A.D. – Arab-speaking peoples get sugar refining from Persia 11th Century - Crusaders bring sugar to Europe (1099 in England) Medieval times – Sugar = White Gold (1319 - $220/lb in England)

  30. Sugar Cane – History Sugar Cane – domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992 B.C. – unrefined sugar being produced in India 642 A.D. – Arab-speaking peoples get sugar refining from Persia 11th Century - Crusaders bring sugar to Europe (1099 in England) Medieval times – Sugar = White Gold (1319 - $220/lb in England) 1493 – Columbus takes sugar cane to West Indies

  31. Sugar Cane – History Sugar Cane – domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992 B.C. – unrefined sugar being produced in India 642 A.D. – Arab-speaking peoples get sugar refining from Persia 11th Century - Crusaders bring sugar to Europe (1099 in England) Medieval times – Sugar = White Gold (1319 - $220/lb in England) 1493 – Columbus takes sugar cane to West Indies 1700’s – American “Sugar Triangle” (sugar, rum, slaves)

  32. Sugar Cane – History Sugar Cane – domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992 B.C. – unrefined sugar being produced in India 642 A.D. – Arab-speaking peoples get sugar refining from Persia 11th Century - Crusaders bring sugar to Europe (1099 in England) Medieval times – Sugar = White Gold (1319 - $220/lb in England) 1493 – Columbus takes sugar cane to West Indies 1700’s – American “Sugar Triangle” (sugar, rum, slaves) 1700’s – Sugar taxation  Revolution

  33. Sugar Cane – History Sugar Cane – domesticated in New Guinea (?) 2992 B.C. – unrefined sugar being produced in India 642 A.D. – Arab-speaking peoples get sugar refining from Persia 11th Century - Crusaders bring sugar to Europe (1099 in England) Medieval times – Sugar = White Gold (1319 - $220/lb in England) 1493 – Columbus takes sugar cane to West Indies 1700’s – American “Sugar Triangle” (sugar, rum, slaves) 1700’s – Sugar taxation  Revolution 1800’s – Sugar beet provides competition in temperate areas Currently: sugar production subsidized, taxed, politicized

  34. Napoleon Sweetens the Pot – Sugar Beet Beta vulgaris – Chenopodiaceae (Goosefoot Family)

  35. Sugar Beet Processing Lewistown, Idaho Sugar Factory, 1905 Caption to Photo: 10 year old boys can be very useful

  36. Where Sugar is Produced

  37. North American Sweetener Acer saccharum – Sugar Maple

  38. Maple Syrup Sap is collected in early spring Sap is boiled in “sugar house” 40 gallons sap  1 gallon syrup

  39. Glucose, Fructose - C6H12O6 glucose fructose fructose - “chair” sucrose

  40. Glucose, Fructose - C6H12O6 Starch - amylose glucose fructose fructose - “chair” sucrose

  41. Glucose, Fructose - C6H12O6 Starch - amylose glucose fructose fructose - “chair” sucrose High Fructose Corn Syrup 1. Starch from Corn 2. Treat with alpha-amylase oligosaccharides 3. Treat with glucoamylase  glucose 4. Treat with glucose isomerase  mixture of glucose and fructose 5. Enrichment, “back-blending” to produce final product

  42. Glucose, Fructose - C6H12O6 Starch - amylose glucose fructose fructose - “chair” sucrose High Fructose Corn Syrup 1. Starch from Corn 2. Treat with alpha-amylase oligosaccharides 3. Treat with glucoamylase  glucose 4. Treat with glucose isomerase  mixture of glucose and fructose 5. Enrichment, “back-blending” to produce final product

  43. Non-caloric Sweeteners from Plants • Glycyrrhizin – from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza, a legume) • Used originally to make licorice candy • 30 x as sweet as table sugar • more than limited consumption has health effects • potential as an herbal medicine in anti-cancer treatments

  44. Non-caloric Sweeteners from Plants • Glycyrrhizin – from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza, a legume) • Used originally to make licorice candy • 30 x as sweet as table sugar • more than limited consumption has health effects • potential as an herbal medicine in anti-cancer treatments • Stevia – from sweetleaf plant, Stevia • Widespread use in Japan • regulatory issues, starting to be used elsewhere

  45. Non-caloric Sweeteners from Plants • Glycyrrhizin – from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza, a legume) • Used originally to make licorice candy • 30 x as sweet as table sugar • more than limited consumption has health effects • potential as an herbal medicine in anti-cancer treatments • Stevia – from sweetleaf plant, Stevia • Widespread use in Japan • regulatory issues, starting to be used elsewhere • Miraculin – protein from miracle fruit, Synsepalum • - Not sweet, but modifies taste receptors so foods are sweet

  46. Tuesday March 8 – optional assignment. Due Tuesday March 22. Write a brief paragraph, using proper English grammar, that explains: What was the “Sugar Trade Triangle” - what were the major elements (both geographical and trading items)? How did it impact the history of the U.S.A.?

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