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Biology EOC REVIEW

Biology EOC REVIEW. YOU CAN DO IT !!!. Test Taking Strategies. TAKE YOUR TIME!  4 Hour Time Limit Use the scratch paper and calculator. If a graph, diagram, or table is given, read the title, labels, units, and note trends BEFORE reading questions. 

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Biology EOC REVIEW

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  1. Biology EOCREVIEW YOU CAN DO IT !!!

  2. Test Taking Strategies • TAKE YOUR TIME!  4 Hour Time Limit • Use the scratch paper and calculator. • If a graph, diagram, or table is given, read the title, labels, units, and note trends BEFORE reading questions.  • Read entire question before looking at answer choices. Highlight key words.

  3. Test Taking Strategies • Read ALL answer choices BEFORE selecting one. Eliminate obvious incorrect choices.  • Think twice before changing your first answer. • Keep going. Mark questions that you are unsureof and come back. • Get Lots of Sleep and Eat Breakfast!

  4. Biomolecules Biomolecule Monomer (subunit) Function Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Energy (Polysaccharide) (CHO ) Structure Protein Amino acids Structure (CHON) Enzymes Lipids Fatty AcidsEnergy & (CHO ) Structure Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Genetic Info (CHON)

  5. Enzymes What is an enzyme? Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

  6. A diagram of a protein molecule is shown above. The units labeled “X” which bond together to form the protein molecule are called — a. amino acids. c. monosaccharides. b. fatty acids. d. nucleotides.

  7. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions that keep cells alive. Imagine that a cell had no enzymes. How would having no enzymes affect the chemical reactions in the cell? a. They would happen too slowly to support cellular processes. b. They would happen too rapidly to support cellular processes. c. They would happen at the same rate as they do with enzymes. d. They would happen normally, only they would use different reactants.

  8. CELL STRUCTURE CELL ORGANELLES: • Cytoplasm – a mostly fluid internal environment of a cell • Ribosomes – structures on which proteins are made • Nucleus - directs cell activities and is the storage center for the cell’s DNA • Mitochondria – a specialized organelle that converts the energy stored in food into a form that is usable by the cells (ATP). The “power plant” of cells.

  9. CELL ORGANELLES: • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – an extensive system of membranes throughout the cell that creates a series of channels that act as a highway system through the cytoplasm • Rough ER - Many proteins and lipids are manufactured on the surface of the ER by ribosomes. Ribosomes on the outer surface of the ER result in rough ER • Smooth ER - ER without ribosomes • Lysosome - contain digestive enzymes which digest excess an worn-out organelles, food particles and engulfed viruses and bacteria

  10. CELL ORGANELLES: • Golgi apparatus – the cell’s packaging and distribution center; it receives proteins and lipids from the ER and labels them with tags that specify their destination, then releases the molecules in membrane-wrapped vesicles to be sent somewhere else in the cell or exported from the cell. • Vacuoles – fluid-filled spaces surrounded by membranes; they function in digestion, storage, support, and water balance • Chloroplast – the site of photosynthesis; captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy

  11. ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL DIFFERENCES: • Plants have a cell wall – a thick outer layer that contains the carbohydrate cellulose and protein. The cell wall gives strength and rigidity to the cell. • Vacuoles are often more highly developed in plant cells. They have large central vacuoles that may occupy 30%-90% of the cell’s volume. The stored water helps the plant to stand upright (this is why plants wilt and become limp when they haven’t gotten enough water) • Plants still have mitochondria but they get their food (which the mitochondria still convert to ATP) from chloroplasts – organelles that can make food (sugars) using air, water, and the energy from sunlight. This process is known as photosynthesis

  12. Cells 1. What is the function of each organelle? Ribosome produce proteins Nucleus controls cellular activity andcontains DNA Chloroplast site of photosynthesis Mitochondria site of energy production 2. Describe a eukaryotic cell? Cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

  13. The swordfish has a heat-generating organ that warms its brain and eyes up to 14°C above the surrounding water temperature. What structures are likely to be found in relatively high concentrations in the cells of this organ?A ChromosomesB MitochondriaC NucleiD Ribosomes

  14. Cell Membrane • The basic building block is the phospholipid bilayer which has a polar “head” and nonpolar “tail” • The polar heads are directed towards the outside and inside of the cell where the watery environments are. The nonpolar tails are buried in the interior of the membrane, away from any water • Molecules that need to enter the cell do so through “gates” made of proteins that form tunnels through the interior of the membrane. The membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell

  15. Osmosis Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic

  16. Cell Transport What is osmosis? Water moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration Cell environments Hypotonic – low water concentration  water diffuses into the cell  causes cell to swell Hypertonic – high water concentration  water diffuses out of the cell  causes cell to shrink Isotonic – same water concentration  water diffuses into and out of the cell  causes the cell to stay the same size 3. Homeostasis – maintain a constant or balanced internal state

  17. Which of these best explains why a freshwater aquarium would be a dangerous habitat for saltwater fish?A. The tissues of the saltwater fish would absorb too muchacidB. The organs of the saltwater fish would produce too muchprotein.C. The organ systems of the saltwater fish would consumetoo much energy.D. The cells of the saltwater fish would gain too much water.

  18. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  19. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 sunlight Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP enzymes

  20. Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration often considered opposites? A Photosynthesis produces twice as many ATP molecules as cellular respiration does. B Water is released during photosynthesis and consumed during cellular respiration. C Photosynthesis occurs during the day, and cellular respiration occurs at night. D Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration

  21. Cell Division • Cell growth and development is carefully controlled but instructions are in the nucleus. Those instructions are found in DNA. • When a cell divides, its long stringy DNA (chromatin) condenses into a structure called a chromosome. Chromosomes contain genes (the specific regions of DNA that code for proteins).

  22. Mitosis • The process of cell division is called Mitosis. • It consists of four phases: • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. • Main take away: the process of mitosis produces two daughter cells, each with a full set of chromosomes (diploid)…identical to the original cell. In humans, 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes.

  23. Mitosis is Part of the Cell Cycle

  24. Meiosis • The process that produces reproductive cells is called Meiosis. • It is important that sex cells (eggs and sperm) contain only HALF the number of chromosomes (haploid) of a regular cell so that they can fuse together to form a complete set of chromosomes in an organism. • Both Mitosis and Meiosis are preceded by interphase during which DNA is copied.

  25. Meiosis • 8 Phases: • Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I. • Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II. • Main take-away: One cell with a full set of chromosomes divides to produce FOUR daughter cells each with HALF the number of chromosomes.

  26. Crossing Over

  27. 1. Mitosis: number of daughter cells produced 2 number of sets of chromosomes Full/diploid Function: cell replacement and growth oforgansims 2. Meiosis: number of daughter cells produced 4 number of sets of chromosomes Half/haploid Function: production of gametes (eggs and sperm) 3. Humans have 23pairs or 46 total number of chromosomes. Females have the sex chromosomes XX Males have the sex chromosomes XY

  28. If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each of its body cells, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell after mitosis?A. 11B. 19C. 38D. 76

  29. Karyotypes • Karyotype:set of chromosomes found in an organism's cells, arranged by size. • A normalset has TWO of each specific chromosome (one from mom, one from dad). Only one chromosome is an abnormality.

  30. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA can be found in the nucleus of every cell in your body except red blood cells. • DNA contains instructions for all living things. It must also somehow copy itself to pass these instructions from one generation to the next.

  31. DNA Structure - James Watson and Francis Crick were the first to make a model of the DNA molecule. • They determined it had a double helix shape. The molecule is composed of nucleotides which contain: 1) a phosphate group 2) a five carbon sugar molecule 3) a nitrogen-containing base • The bases are the key. There are four bases. Adenine(A), Thymine(T), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C)

  32. DNA Replication • Replication - DNA must copy itself for the production of new cells. Replication is the process of DNA copying itself. It can copy itself exactly because of the molecular structure of the bases. Adenine only bonds with thymine and cytosine only bonds with guanine. A == T C == G • If a sequence of bases is G-A-C-C the matching base would be C-T-G-G. When DNA is copied the double strand is ripped apart by special enzymes which allow bases floating freely in the nucleus to attach to the appropriate base of the DNA chain.

  33. DNA 1. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid 2. In DNA, Adenine bonds with Thymine and Cytosine bonds with Guanine 3. In RNA, Adenine bonds with Urasil and Cytosine bonds with Guanine 4. What is DNA replication? The production of an exact copy of DNA 5. Producing a mRNA copy of DNA is called the transcription step of Protein Synthesis? 6. Using the code in mRNA to produce a protein is called the translation step of Protein Synthesis?

  34. Protein Synthesis Traits such as eye color are determined by proteins that are built according to the instructions coded in the DNA. DNA->Transcription->RNA->Translation->Protein See “DNA Workshop Activity” at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/

  35. Protein Synthesis is a Two Step Process: • Transcription: The instructions for making a protein are transferred from DNA to RNA. RNA contains the base Urasil (U) instead of Thymine (T). A==U C==G • Translation: RNA then leaves the nucleus and attaches itself to a ribosome where the amino acid chain will be constructed to produce a protein.

  36. 5’CGCTAA3’ Which of the following nucleotide base sequences complements the section of DNA modeled above? A5’UTCGCA3’ B5’TTAGCG3’ C5’GCGATT3’ D5’TTUCGC3’

  37. UGAUUC Which of these represents the DNA segment from which this section of mRNA was transcribed? A ACTAAG B TCUTTG C GAAUCU D UCCTGA

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