Fundamentals of Sustainable Engineering

1. Fundamentals of Sustainable Engineering Module 5 Five Capitals Craig Farkos, P.E. 5.1

2. Learning Objectives Understand how the Economic Growth aspects of the Triple Bottom Line approach to sustainable infrastructure development impact the participants’ project work

3. Outline How Is The Triple Bottom Line Different The Five Capitals Model Daly’s Ecological (Thermodynamic) Definition of Sustainable Development Examine I = PAT

4. Old Paradigm Short Term Profit Environmental Degradation Natural Resources Waste

5. How is Triple Bottom Line Different ? Growth – increase in size (amount, degree) by assimilation; become greater Immediate, short-term focus Short Term Profit Environmental Degradation Environmental Stewardship • Develop – expand, bring out potentialities, capabilities; to advance from a lower to higher state; evolve • Long-term, cross generation focus • Sustain – to supply the necessaries of life; • provide for by furnishing means; support by aid American College Dictionary, 1959

6. For Engineers • How does my design: • Satisfy my client’s needs and provide jobs? • Impact the community’s future ability to exist as it currently lives? • Provide restorative solutions that do not degrade the environment? • Leverage technology to improve future living standards?

7. The Main Economic Goal of Sustainability Find paths that leverage the “5 capitals” to provide sustainable, long-term consumption (C) /affluence “…meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The Brundtland Commission report, Our Common Future, 1987.

8. As Engineers Must Judiciously Manage The 5 Capitals • Satisfy my client’s needs and provide jobs? • Impact the community’s future ability to exist as it currently lives? • Provide restorative solutions that do not degrade the environment? • Leverage technology to improve future living standards? Three Stone Fire Solar Cooker Drip Irrigation

9. Outline How Is The Triple Bottom Line Different The Five Capitals Model Daly’s Ecological (Thermodynamic) Definition of Sustainable Development Examine I = PAT

10. The Five Capitals Model • Viewing sustainable • development and sustainability • as capital flows • Bringing the built environment • into the discussion Jonathan Porritt, Capitalism As If The World Matters, Earthscan, London, 2007.

11. The Five Capitals Model Financial Produced Natural Social Human

12. Natural Capital (Input) Any stock or flow of energy or matter that yields valuable goods or services Includes resources (renewable, non-renewable), sinks (absorb, neutralize or recycle wastes), and services (e.g., climate regulation) Basis of production and life itself

13. Human Capital (Input) Health, knowledge, skills and motivation required for productive work Enhanced human capital is essential for growth and economic development

14. Social Capital (Input) Structures, institutions, networks and relationships that enables individuals to maintain and develop human capital Includes families, communities, businesses, educational and voluntary organizations, legal/political systems

15. Financial Capital (Output/Input) Reflection of the productive power of the other types of capital Enables other types of capital to be owned or traded

16. Produced Capital (Output/Input) Material goods − tools, machines, processes, buildings, facilities, infrastructure − that contribute to the production process Engineers have a key role

17. Examples of Relationships Among the Forms of Capital

18. Defining Sustainable Development in Terms of the Five Capitals Sustainable development maintains and enhances all five forms of capital Sustainable society lives off the flows (interest or income) without depleting the capital stocks If consumption is at the expense of investment in maintaining or enhancing the capital stocks, or results in capital depletion, then the economic model for development is not sustainable

19. Outline How Is The Triple Bottom Line Different The Five Capitals Model Daly’s Ecological (Thermodynamic) Definition of Sustainable Development Examine I = PAT

20. Renewable resources (ecological) Use < Regeneration Herman Daly’s Ecological (Thermodynamic) Definition of Sustainable Development Development is sustainable when… • Non-renewable resources (minerals, fuels) • Use < Rate of development of renewable substitutes Accomplished with fairness and equity • Pollution • Emissions < Assimilating capacity of the environment Herman E. Daly suggested these three operational rules defining the condition of ecological (thermodynamic) sustainability.

21. Two Additional Items To Consider Population If P ↑ and Long-Term Consumption (C) /Affluence = Constant → We have a problem! Technology For P↑, can’t Technology (T) ↑ solve Our Consumption (C) /Affluence = Constant problem?

22. Outline How Is The Triple Bottom Line Different The Five Capitals Model Daly’s Ecological (Thermodynamic) Definition of Sustainable Development Examine I = PAT

23. Engineers Improve “T” Consider: Sustainability ⇒ Constant Consumption ⇒ Technology • I = PAT • Impact (I) • Population (P) • Affluence (A) (consumption per person) • Technology (T) (damage per unit of consumption) • More technology is interpreted as more adverse environmental impact. GDP /cap. U.S. Trends in Affluence1959-2003 Population Ehrlich and Holdren (1971)

24. Discussion Questions • How does my design: • Satisfy my client’s needs and provide jobs? • Continue to meet established economic objectives • Impact the community’s future ability to exist as it currently • lives? • Think in terms of long-term ramifications. • Provide solutions that do not degrade the environment? • How do I judiciously manage the Five Capitals, renewable resources, non-renewable resources?…Across the project Lifecycle? • Leverage technology to improve future living standards? • How can my design become more Restorative? • Am I doing the right things? • Am I doing things right?

25. References Brewer Marilynn B. The Many Faces of Social Identity: Implications for Political Psychology, Political Psychology, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2001), pp. 115-125 Chan, Joseph et al; Reconsidering Social Cohesion: Developing a Definition and Analytical Framework for Empirical Research; Social Indicators Research, Vol 75 (2006) pp. 273-302 Dempsey, Nicola; Are good-quality environments socially cohesive?; TPR, 80, 3 (2009), pp. 315-345 Ehrlich, Paul R. and John P. Holdren, Impact of Population Growth Source: Science, New Series, Vol. 171, No. 3977 (Mar. 26, 1971), pp. 1212-1217

26. References, Cont. • Goodland, Robert and Herman Daly, Environmental Sustainability: Universal and Non-Negotiable, Ecological Applications, Vol. 6, No.4 (Nov., 1996), pp. 1002-1017. • Hammarstedt Mats; Intergenerational Mobility and the Earning Position of First-, Second-, and Third-Generation Immigrants; KYKLOS, Vol. 62 No. 2 (2009) pp. 275-292. • Maton Kenneth I. Empowering Community Settings: Agents of Individual Development, Community Betterment, and Positive Social Change; Am J Community Psychol , Vol. 41 (2008), pp. 4-21.

27. References, Cont. • Porritt, Jonathan, Capitalism As If The World Matters, Earthscan, London, 2007. • Tengland, Per-Anders. Empowerment: A Conceptual Discussion; Health Care Anal, Vol. 16 (2008), pp. 77-96. Special thanks to Bettina Irps for her help in presentation design.