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 Review of Chapter 4

 Review of Chapter 4. Start the router simulator. You will see the prompt " Router> ". This is the user mode prompt. Change the name of the router to Router1. Set the enable password to “en123”. Set the secret password to “secret123”. Try the passwords.

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 Review of Chapter 4

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  1. Review of Chapter 4 • Start the router simulator. You will see the prompt "Router>". This is the user mode prompt.Change the name of the router to Router1. • Set the enable password to “en123”. • Set the secret password to “secret123”. • Try the passwords. • Set virtual terminal password to “vty123” for the virtual terminal 0-4 Router1#config terminal Router1(config)#line vty 0 4 Router1(config-line)#login Router1(config-line)#password vty123 Router1(config-line)#exit • Set console 0 password to “con123” Router1(config-line)#line console 0 • Now remove the passwords Router1(config)#no enable password en123

  2. Assign IP address for the Ethernet 0 interface. • Assign IP address for the Serial 0 interface. • Set the bandwidth of the Serial 0 interface to 56Kps. Router1(config-if)#bandwidth 56 • Set the bandwidth of the Serial 0 interface to 56Kps. Router1(config-if)#clock rate 56000 • Type “exit” to leave the serial interface and type “ctrl-z” to leave configuration mode. • Show the configuration of Ethernet 0, Serial 0 • Show the running configuration of Router1 Backing up your configuration to a TFTP server Router1#copy running-config tftp • Type “172.10.0.10” for the TFTP host. • Type “Router1” to name the destination file. Router1#copy tftp running-config • Type “172.10.0.10” for the TFTP host. • Type “Router1” for the configuration file name.

  3. IP Routing • Nonroutable Protocols: • All communication occur on the one local net segment • Network source and destination infromation is not needed. • NetBEUI (NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface). • Routed Protocols: • Have packet headers with Network Layer address. • TCP/IP, Internetwork Packet Exchange/Squence Packet Exchange. • Every device must configured with a unique IP or IPX address.

  4. IP Routing • Routers forward packets by looking the routing table and discovering how to get remote networks. • A configured router have only information about directly connected networks. • What happens a router receives a packet with a network not listed in the routing table? Routing table for RouterC

  5. Different Types of Routing • Static • Default • Dynamic

  6. Static Routing • An administrator manually adds routes in each router’s table. • Benefits: • No overhead on the router CPU • No bandwidth usage between routers • Security • Disadvantages: • It is not feasible in large networks • Difficult to update • Administrators must know networking very well ip route [destination_network] [mask] [next-hop_address or exit interface] [administrative_distance] [permanent]

  7. Setting a Static Routing Table Establishing routes: Router1# show ip route : Router1(config)# ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 210.16.54.1 This command establishes an IP route to network 192.168.20 Add all other required routes in the routing table Type “crtl-Z” to exit from configuration mode. Check the status of the routing table using show ip route Removing routes: Router1(config)# no ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 210.16.54.1 Verifying: Router1# ping 192.168.10.50

  8. RouterA(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.12.1 Default Routing • Use to send packets with a remote destination network not in the routing table to the next-hop router. • You can only use default routing on stub networks-those with only one exit port out of the network.

  9. Why use Default Routing?

  10. Dynamic Routing • In dynamic routing, protocols are used to find and update routing tables on routers. • A routing protocol defines the set of rules used by a router when communicating between neighbor routers. • Routing Information Protocol (RIP) • Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) • Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) • Types of routing protocols • interior gateway protocols (IGPs) • RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF • exterior gateway protocols (EGPs) • Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) • Types of IGPs • Distance Vector (RIP, IGRP) • Link State (OSPF) • Hybrid (EIGRP)

  11. Dynamic Routing Basics • Hop count is the number of routers a packet must pass through to reach a particular network. • An autonomous system (AS) is a group of routers under the control of a single administration, sharing the same routing table information. • Administrative Distance is used to rate trustworthiness of routing information, 0 being the most trusted and the 255 least trusted.

  12. Distance-Vector Routing Protocols • Each router broadcasts its entire routing table to neighbor routers at predetermined intervals (30 to 90 seconds). • Called routing by rumor

  13. RIP Pinhole Congestion • Two updates list the same remote network? • Two updates list the same remote network and have the same AD? • Two updates list the same remote network and have the same AD and hop count?

  14. Router Convergence Start Up Converged

  15. Problems in Distance-Vector Routing • It takes up CPU process and link bandwidth. • If a network outage happens, slow converge of distance-vector routing protocols can cause inconsistent routing tables. • routing loops (counting-to-infinity).

  16. Solutions • Maximum Hop Count • Split Horizon • Route positioning • Holddowns

  17. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) • a true distance-vector protocol • sends complete routing table out all interfaces every 30 sec. • uses only hop count to determine the best way. • has maximum allowable hop count of 15 • is inefficient on large networks • uses three different timers • route update timer • route invalid timer • flush timer

  18. Setting up for Dynamic Routing • Configure your interfaces (see the next page) • Make sure that other routers in your network use the same routing protocol (RIP or IGRP). Lab_A(config)# router rip Lab_A(config-router)#network 201.100.11.0 ^Z • Check your settings with show ip route • Use ping to verify configuration and connectivity of the network devices. • You can use passive-interface serial 0 to stop RIP updates from being propagated out serial interface 0, but it can still receive RIP updates.

  19. Example for RIP configuration

  20. Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) • Cisco-proprietary distance-vector routing protocol that can work only with Cisco routers. • maximum hop count of 255 (100 default) • can use bandwidth and delay of lines in order to choose the best route. • Timers to control the performance • update timers • invalid timers • holddown timers • flush

  21. Commands to verify your configuration

  22. Commands for configuration routing

  23. Commands to configure dynamic

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