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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. “KEEP YOUR EYES ON THE PRIZE!”. CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS. 13 TH ENDS SLAVERY 14 TH GRANTS CITIZENSHIP AND THE EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAW. 15 TH GRANTS BLACK MEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE. THE RETURN OF WHITE SUPREMACY. RECONSTRUCTION ENDS IN 1877

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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

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  1. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT “KEEP YOUR EYES ON THE PRIZE!”

  2. CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS • 13TH ENDS SLAVERY • 14TH GRANTS CITIZENSHIP AND THE EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAW. • 15TH GRANTS BLACK MEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE.

  3. THE RETURN OF WHITE SUPREMACY • RECONSTRUCTION ENDS IN 1877 • FEDERAL PROTECTION IS REMOVED. • JIM CROW (SEGREGATION) LAWS ARE PASSED. • LITERACY TESTS, POLL TAXES, AND INTIMIDATION TAKES AWAY VOTING RIGHTS.

  4. THE SUPREME COURT RATIFIES SEGREGATION • PLESSY V FERGUSON 1896: ESTABLISHES THE “SEPARATE BUT EQUAL RULE.”

  5. Eisenhower did not intend to be a "civil rights" president. -- Yet he was president during some of the most significant civil rights gains in U.S. history. • 1940s -- NAACP began to attack "separate but equal" by suing segregated colleges and universities; African Americans gained entrance into Southern universities. -- Elementary and secondary schools remained segregated. • Earl Warren appointed by Eisenhower as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in1953 -- Although viewed as a conservative, Warren would become the most significant Chief Justice of the 20th century and lead most liberal court of the 20th century.

  6. BLACK LEADERSHIP IS DIVIDED • BOOKER T. WASHINGTON ARGUES FOR ACCOMMODATION • W.E.B. DuBOIS: ARGUES FOR CONFRONTATION AND LEGAL ACTION. • FORMS THE NIAGARA MOVEMENT AND THE NAACP.

  7. MARCUS GARVEY • ARGUES FOR SEGREGATION • SELF HELP • RACIAL PRIDE • AND A RETURN TO AFRICA

  8. THE CIVIL RIGHTS CHALLENGE • DE JURI SEGREGATION FOUND IN THE SOUTH. LAWS IMPOSE SEGREGATION. • DE FACTO SEGREGATION: SEGREGATION BY CUSTOM AND HOUSING PATTERNS. NOT ENFORCED BY LAW. FOUND IN THE NORTH AND THE WEST.

  9. TRUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS • SUPPORTS NEW CIVIL RIGHTS LAW 1946 • CREATES THE CIVIL RIGHTS COMMISSION. • BANS DISCRIMINATION IN DEFENSE PLANTS. • DE SEGREGATES THE MILITARY IN 1948 BY EXECUTIVE ORDER.

  10. Chief Justice Earl Warren persuaded fellow justices to overturn Plessy v. Ferguson. • "Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. It has no place in public education. • One year later, Court ordered school integration "with all deliberate speed."

  11. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 • NAACP filed suit on behalf of Linda Brown, a black elementary school student. • Topeka school board had denied Brown admission to an all-white school. • Case reached Supreme Court in 1954 • Thurgood Marshall represented Linda Brown • Charged that public school segregation violated the "equal protection" clause of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. • Segregation deprived blacks an equal educational opportunity. • Separate could not be equal because segregation in itself lowered the morale and motivation of black students.

  12. Response to Brown v. Board of Education • Southern officials considered ruling a threat to state and local authority. • Eisenhower felt gov’t should not try to force segregation. -- Called appointment of Warren "my biggest mistake." • 80% of southern whites opposed Brown decision. • Some white students, encouraged by parents, refused to attend integrated schools. • KKK reemerged in a much more violent incarnation than in 1920s. • Southern state legislatures passed more than 450 laws and resolutions aimed at preventing enforcement of Brown decision. • "Massive Resistance" -- 1956, Virginia state legislature passed a massive resistance measure cutting off state aid to desegregated schools. • By 1962, only one-half of one percent of non-white school children in the South were in integrated schools.

  13. Student movement • Nonviolence of students provoked increasingly hostile actions from those who opposed them. -- Some blacks were beaten, and harassed by white teen-agers. • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee created by SCLC to better organize the movement. (SNCC pronounced "snick") • "Jail not Bail" became the popular slogan. • Students adopted civil disobedience when confronted with jail. • End of "Massive Resistance" -- 1959, federal and state courts nullified Virginia laws which prevented state funds from going to integrated schools.

  14. GEORGE WALLACE • GOVERNOR OF ALABAMA: “SEGREGATION NOW AND SEGREGATION FOREVER.”

  15. THE MOVEMENT BEGINS • DEC. 1955 ROSA PARKS REFUSES TO GIVE UP HER SEAT ON A BUS. • THE MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT BEGINS ORGANIZED BY MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. “SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE.” • LAST 381 DAYS • SUPREME COURT ORDER DESEGREGATION OF THE BUSES.

  16. Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56) • December 11, 1955, Rosa Parks arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, after refusing to give her bus seat to a white man; she was ordered to sit at the back of the bus. -- Found guilty and fined $14; over 150 others arrested and charged as well for boycotting buses during the following months. • Immediate calls for boycott ensued; nearly 80% of bus users were African Americans. • Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., leader of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, became a leader of the boycott; emerged as leader of civil rightsmovement. • Montgomery bus boycott lasted nearly 400 days. • King’s house was bombed. • 88 other African American leaders were arrested and fined for conspiring to boycott. • Supreme Court ruled that segregation on Montgomery buses was unconstitutional. -- On December 20, 1956, segregationists gave up.

  17. Response to Brown v. Board of Education • Crisis in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957 • Gov. Orval Faubus ordered National Guard to surround Central High School to prevent nine black students ("Little Rock Nine") from entering the school. • Federal court ordered removal of National Guard and allowed students to enter. -- Riots erupted and forced Eisenhower to act. • Eisenhower reluctantly ordered 1000 federal troops into Little Rock andnationalized the Arkansas National Guard, this time protecting students. -- First time since Reconstruction a president had sent federal troops into South to enforce the Constitution. • Next year, Little Rock public schools closed entirely. • White attended private schools or outside city schools. • Most blacks had no school to attend. • August 1959, Little Rock school board gave in to integration after another Supreme Court ruling.

  18. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE • KING ADOPTS CIVIL NON-VIOLENT DISOBEDIENCE AS A METHOD OF PROTEST. • “LETTERS FROM THE BIRMINGHAM JAIL” BY MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. • JUST LAWS AND UNJUST LAWS

  19. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) • Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- King President in Jan. 1957 • Nonviolent resistance • King urged followers not to fight with authorities even if provoked. • King’s nonviolent tactics similar to Mohandas Gandhi (both were inspired by Henry David Thoreau’s On Civil Disobedience) • Use of moral arguments to changed minds of oppressors. • King linked nonviolence to Christianity: "Love one’s enemy." • Sit-ins became effective new strategy of nonviolence. • Students in universities and colleges all over U.S. vowed to integrate lunch counters, hotels, and entertainment facilities. • Greensboro sit-in (Feb. 1960): First sit-in by 4 North Carolina college freshmen at a Woolworth lunch counter for student being refused service. -- After thousands participated in the sit-in merchants in Greensboro gave in 6 months later • A wave of sit-ins occurred throughout the country. -- Targets were southern stores of national chains. • Variations of sit-ins emerged: "kneel-ins" for churches; "read-ins" in libraries; "wade-ins" at beaches; "sleep-ins" in motel lobbies.

  20. SIT-IN DEMONSTRATIONS • ORGANIZED BY STUDENT NON-VIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE • GREENSBORO, N.C. 1960 • SIT-INS CALL ATTENTION TO UNJUST SEGREGATION LAWS

  21. THE FREEDOM RIDERS • COLLEGE STUDENT (BLACK AND WHITE) RIDE BUSES SOUTH TO DE-SEGREGATE BUS WAITING ROOMS. • BUSES ARE BOMBED • FREEDOM RIDERS BEATEN.

  22. Freedom Rides • CORE: test Supreme Court decision to ban segregated seating on interstate bus routes • Wanted a violent reaction • White racist got on bus one: • Used chains, brass knuckles, and pistols • Beat Freedom Riders. • Bus Two was also attacked, and threw fire bombs into the bus • SNCC met them to continue the ride • Bus drivers feared their life, and did not want to continue…they were forced to do so. • White racists attacked the bus in Montgomery…got the reaction they needed and Kennedy gave them the support they needed with 400 US Marshalls.

  23. THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON • 1963 HUNDREDS OF THOUSAND FILL THE MALL TO HEARD KING’S “I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH.” • THE SPEECH CAPTURES THE IMAGINATION THE THE PEOPLE.

  24. THE MARCH ON MONTGOMERY • 1965- BLACK AND WHITES MARCH FROM SELMA TO MONTGOMERY TO PROTEST SEGREGATION IN ALABAMA. • THERE IS VIOLENCE ON THE BRIDGE ENTERING MONTGOMERY. • PRESIDENT JOHNSON SEND FEDERAL MARSHALS TO PROTECT THE MARCHERS.

  25. JOHNSON & CIVIL RIGHT ACTS • JOHNSON CALLS FOR PASSAGE OF THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT IN A SPEECH. • HE ENDS THE SPEECH WITH THE PHRASE: “WE SHALL OVERCOME.” • CONGRESS PASSES THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT.

  26. DR. KING MOVES NORTH • CALL FOR AN END TO DE FACTO SEGREGATION.

  27. MORE MILITANT VOICES • THE BLACK MUSLIMS AND ELIJAH MUHAMMAD • MALCOLM X • MURDERED IN 1965 • STOCKLEY CARMICHAEL: “BLACK POWER.”

  28. THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY • LEADER: HEWY NEWTON • FORMS THEIR OWN MILITIA • SEVERAL VIOLENT ENCOUNTERS WITH THE POLICE.

  29. MARTIN LUTHER KING IS MURDERED. • APRIL 1968 • CONGRESS PASSES THE CIVIL RIGHT ACT OF 1968 • OUTLAWS DISCRIMINATION IN PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS

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