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Water: The Essence of Life in Biochemistry

Dive into the chemical structure of water as the foundation of biological functions, exploring hydrogen bonding, cohesion, and adhesion. Discover the significance of carbon compounds and the building blocks of life, focusing on organic chemistry and large carbon macromolecules.

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Water: The Essence of Life in Biochemistry

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  1. Biochemistry Chapter 6 Sections 3 & 4

  2. It all begins with Water… O • Chemical Structure: • O & H share electrons, but not equally • Because Oxygen has more protons (8), it pulls the shared electrons from the hydrogen closer into it’s nucleus. • This makes Oxygen slightly negative and Hydrogen slightly positive • Water is Polar • “Like dissolves like” • Biological functions-divided ions needed in nervous system functions H H

  3. Hydrogen Bonding • Because water is polar, it attracts other water molecules • Positive region neg. region • = Hydrogen Bonding • Weak • Cohesion= attractive force b/w particles of the same kind • Causes surface tension

  4. Hydrogen Bonding Con’t… • Adhesion= attractive force b/w unlike particles • adhesion pulls water up a tube • = Capillarity Action • Water

  5. Water and Temperature • Water gains/loses lg amnts of energy to change temp • Heat water- breaks Hyd. Bonds • Most automobiles have water-cooled engines. What must be true about a solution that can replace the water in the cooling system, like antifreeze? • It must be able to absorb large quantities of heat

  6. Carbon Compounds • Organic- contain carbon atoms covalently bonded • Share electrons • Life!! • Bonds well with itself • Chains, rings or branched chains • Bond easily to Functional Groups- clusters of atoms that work tog. to determine the properties of a compound • Ex.- OH (hydroxyl) Group- Creates Alcohol when bonded to Carbon

  7. Section 6-4 • The building blocks of life… • Why is it fun to play with trains? • Linking them together to make a long chain is fun! • Organic Chemistry is focused on all compounds made of carbon • Why carbon? • It’s found in all molecules of life • Carbon’s structure: Let’s look at the Lewis Dot • It forms many covalent bonds, which show that it can take many shapes • This leads to diversity

  8. Large Carbon Macromolecules • Monomer= smaller, simpler molecules that combine to make bigger, usually repeated • Polymer= when monomers bond together • Lots of polymers= macromolecule Three monomers One polymer (AKA macromolecule)

  9. Types of Macromolecules • Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids • All made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • All very in the ratios • Table 6.1, pg. 167

  10. A. Carbohydrates • Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • Ratio: 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen for every carbon (1:2:1) • (CH2O)n • Can be classified as Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide (called sugars) • So, a carbohydrate is a sugar

  11. Saccharides • Monomers of carbohydrate • Simply means “sugar” • Glucose- energy of cells • Fructose- found in fruits, makes things sweet • Galactose- found in milk • Animals store glucose as a poly called glycogen, which provides energy • Plants store glucose as a poly called starch

  12. B. Lipids • Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen • Make up fats, oils and waxes • Primary function: store energy • Composed of fatty acid tail (nonpolar) and a polar head

  13. Unsaturated and Saturated Fats • Classified by the type of tails: • Single bond chains: Saturated fats because no more hydrogen can bond to the tail (not healthy!) • Double bond chains: can accommodate more hydrogen, unsaturated (healthy!) • More than 1 double bond: Polyunsaturated fats

  14. Lipids… • Have two ends have: • Hydrophilic End- loves water, polar (head) • Hydrophobic End- hates water, nonpolar (tail) • Phospholipid- special lipid that contains phosphate- Make up the cell membrane • Steroids: cholesterol and hormones, serve as the starting point for other lipid formation

  15. C. Proteins • Made of amino acids • What’s an amino acid? • Small compounds made of C, H, O, N and maybe S • Formed from monomers • Skin and muscle from animals are protein

  16. Amino Acids • 20 different amino acids • Proteins are made of many different combos of those 20 amino acids • Fold into different shapes that have different functions • Building blocks for life!! • Proteins make muscles, skin, hair, nails, etc

  17. Peptides • When two amino acids bond, peptides hold them together • Can connect hundreds of amino acids together at once

  18. Enzymes • Protein that act as a catalyst • Unchanged after it is used, use over again

  19. D. Nucleic Acids • Very large, very complex molecules • C, N, O, P, H all combined to make thousands of monomers called nucleotides • Usually have a phosphate group, nitrogen base and ribose sugar all attached together to form the nucleic acid • Store information- heredity • Examples • Deoxyribonucleic acid = info for cell activities • Ribonucleic acid = stores and transfers info for the making of proteins • ATP= stores chemical energy for cells

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