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FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61)

New Model Army beats king @ Naseby (1645)  King surrenders to Scots Split b/w army & Parl. over :. Cromwell’s Rule (1649-58). Cromwell, frustrated w/Parl’s lack of fervor, est. milit. dictatorship, the Protectorate (1653-60). Aggressive foreign policy :

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FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61)

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  1. New Model Army beats king @ Naseby (1645) King surrenders to Scots Split b/w army & Parl. over: Cromwell’s Rule (1649-58) Cromwell, frustrated w/Parl’s lack of fervor, est. milit. dictatorship, the Protectorate (1653-60) Aggressive foreign policy: • Conquest & mild rule of Calvinist Scotland • Brutal conquest & rule of Catholic Ireland • Foreign wars vs. Spain & Dutch Repressive home rule: • Heavy taxes for standing army & navy • Closed theaters, taverns, racetracks, etc. • Discouraged flamboyant clothes & behavior Cromwell resolves political issues : Crushed democr. uprising in army & executed 11 leaders Tried & executed king as a traitor (1/30/1649) Purged Parliament “Rump” of 60 members Cromwell rules with “Rump Parliament” in a govt. known as the Commonwealth (1649-53) Cromwell’s Rule (1649-58) Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: Govt: Parl. wants oligarchy of rich vs. army who wants democracy Religion: Army wants indep. congr’s vs. Parl.’s Nat’l presbyterian church Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces “Roundheads” beat king at Marston Moor (1644) Charles escapes & raises Scots vs. Parl. 2nd Civil War (1646-8) Oliver Cromwell & New Model Army beat king English Civil Wars (1642-8) Parliament forms “New Model Army” of draftees which has: Standard uniforms & equipment Regular pay Tight discipline English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Money: Parl., broke from war, wants to disband army w/o pay FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A) Cromwell’s rule is very unpopular Monarchy restored in 1661 (FC.96C)

  2. 1650 1660 1640 1690 1670 1680 1700 London Fire (1666) Eng. Civ. Wars end (1648) England Stuart monarchy restored (1661) Plague hits London (1665) Glorious Revolution (1688) Eng. Civ. Wars begin (1642) Cromwell’s dictatorship (1649-58) James II Begins reign (1685) War of League of Augsburg (1688-97) 3rd Anglo- Dutch Naval War (1672-4) 2nd Anglo-Dutch Naval War (1665-7) 1st Anglo Dutch- Naval War (1652-4) Dutch Republic William III Marries Mary Stuart (1674) War of Sp. Succession (1700-13) Dutch indep. (1648) France 30 Yrs. War ends (1648) Mazarin dies & Louis XIV begins his active reign (1661) War of League of Augsburg (1688-97) Louis XIII dies & Mazarin’s Regency begins (1643) Louis XIV dies (1715) Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes (1685) Dutch War 1672-8) Fronde (1648-53) N. War b/w Sweden, Prussia & Poland (1655-60) Fred-Wm The Great Elector Starts his reign (1640) War of Sp. Succession (1700-13) Prussia Fred-Wm the Great Elector Dies (1688) Austria 30 Yrs. War ends (1648) War of League of Augsburg (1688-97) Turks besiege Vienna & start of War of Holy League vs. Turks (1683) Peter the Great dies (1725) War of Holy League ends (1699) Russia “Time of Troubles” (1598-1614) Great N.War vs. Sweden (1700-21) Peter I’s Great Embassy (1697)

  3. FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  4. FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Impact on Eng. Civil War? Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  5. FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  6. English Civil Wars (1642-8) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  7. English Civil Wars (1642-8) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Whatregion? Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy•Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  8. English Civil Wars (1642-8) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Esp. strong in? Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy•Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  9. English Civil Wars (1642-8) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry Allies? Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy•Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  10. English Civil Wars (1642-8) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament & Puritans having:Puritans Strong in? Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  11. English Civil Wars (1642-8) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy Allies? Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  12. English Civil Wars (1642-8) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy Allied w/Prot. Scots Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  13. Area controlled by Parliament in 1642 Area controlled by King in 1642

  14. One of the myths of the English Civil War?

  15. One of the myths of the English Civil War was that neither side knew how to fight well at its start. However, in addition to the large numbers of Scottish and Irish veterans from the Thirty Years War who took part, there were the “trained bands” of militia that the king had required to train. While they weren’t hardened veterans, they weren’t totally raw recruits either, and they adapted to warfare fairly quickly.

  16. Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Charles’ nephew & the Cavaliers’ most brilliant cavalry commander. As the son of James I’s daughter Elizabeth and the ill-fated Frederick of the Palatinate whose bid for the throne of Bohemia had started the Thirty Years War, he had spent much of his life in a Hapsburg prison where he studied cavalry tactics. He was only 22 when he assumed command of his uncle’s cavalry.

  17. Prince Rupert of the Rhine and his dog, Boy

  18. Boy’s mother being courted by an English bulldog. However, since he was a Puritan bulldog, his efforts were unsuccessful.

  19. Despite his prissy little dog, Prince Rupert was one of the best cavalry leaders of the war, forging the inexperienced cavaliers into an excellent fighting force that fought in three ranks and charged as shock cavalry in the manner the Swedes had learned from Polish hussars in Eastern Europe.

  20. The standards of the king (above) and Sir Thomas Fairfax,the Parliamentary commander at Edgehill.

  21. Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces “Roundheads” beat king at Marston Moor (1644) English Civil Wars (1642-8) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  22. The battle of Edgehill (1642) was the first major battle of the English Civil War. Although the king’s cavalry won the day, both sides were so exhausted and disorganized that neither was able to take advantage of the situation.

  23. Although a draw, the Puritans could claim one success at Edgehill: the capture of the King’s flag.

  24. The real reason the Roundheads ran away at Edgehill

  25. Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War developed largely into what?“ English Civil Wars (1642-8) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  26. Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces “Roundheads” beat king at Marston Moor (1644) English Civil Wars (1642-8) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  27. As the English Civil War turned into a series of localized conflicts, skirmishes like this and sieges of manor houses became the most common type of fighting.

  28. Storming of Basing House & the ensuing massacre of Catholics by Cromwell (10/14/1645), a prelude to his later massacres of Irish Catholics. With their men gone to war, women often took the leading role in defending their homes against attacks like this.

  29. Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces Turning point? English Civil Wars (1642-8) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  30. Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces “Roundheads” beat king at Marston Moor (1644) English Civil Wars (1642-8) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  31. Oliver Cromwell, until his role in the victory at Marston Moor in 1644, a relatively unknown country squire.

  32. Puritan cavalry trooper in Cromwell’s famous cavalry regiment, Ironsides, wearing a buff leather coat that gradually replaced armor

  33. Newcastle’s Lambs, a Royalist regiment that fought to the death at the Battle of Marston Moor in 1644 which proved to be the turning point in the first English Civil War

  34. Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces “Roundheads” beat king at Marston Moor (1644) English Civil Wars (1642-8) New army Parliament formed? Standard uniforms & equipment Regular pay Tight discipline English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  35. Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces “Roundheads” beat king at Marston Moor (1644) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Parliament forms “New Model Army” of draftees which has: Standard uniforms & equipment Regular pay Disciplined? English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  36. Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces “Roundheads” beat king at Marston Moor (1644) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Parliament forms “New Model Army” of draftees which has: Equipment? Regular pay Tight discipline English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  37. Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces “Roundheads” beat king at Marston Moor (1644) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Parliament forms “New Model Army” of draftees which has: Standard uniforms & equipment Pay? Tight discipline English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  38. Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces “Roundheads” beat king at Marston Moor (1644) English Civil Wars (1642-8) Parliament forms “New Model Army” of draftees which has: Standard uniforms & equipment Regular pay Tight discipline English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  39. Thomas Fairfax, commanding general of the New Model Army at Naseby

  40. The final defeat of the Royalist forces at Naseby (1645)

  41. After Naseby, Charles surrendered to the Scots, hoping to split the victorious allies.

  42. English Civil Wars (1642-8) Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces “Roundheads” beat king at Marston Moor (1644) New Model Army beats king @ Naseby (1645) King surrenders to Scots Split b/w army & Parl. over: Money: Parl., broke from war, wants to disband army w/o pay Govt: Parl. wants oligarchy of rich vs. army who wants democracy Religion: Army wants indep. congr’s vs. Parl.’s Nat’l presbyterian church Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: Standard uniforms & equipment Regular pay Tight discipline English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament forms “New Model Army” of draftees which has: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  43. English Civil Wars (1642-8) Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces “Roundheads” beat king at Marston Moor (1644) New Model Army beats king @ Naseby (1645) King surrenders to Scots Split b/w army & Parl. over: Money: Parl., broke from war, wants to disband army w/o pay Govt: Parl. wants oligarchy of rich vs. army who wants democracy Religion: What did each side want? Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: Standard uniforms & equipment Regular pay Tight discipline English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament forms “New Model Army” of draftees which has: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  44. English Civil Wars (1642-8) Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces “Roundheads” beat king at Marston Moor (1644) New Model Army beats king @ Naseby (1645) King surrenders to Scots Split b/w army & Parl. over: Money: What did each side want? Govt: Parl. wants oligarchy of rich vs. army who wants democracy Religion: Army wants indep. congr’s vs. Parl.’s Nat’l presbyterian church Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: Standard uniforms & equipment Regular pay Tight discipline English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament forms “New Model Army” of draftees which has: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  45. English Civil Wars (1642-8) Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces “Roundheads” beat king at Marston Moor (1644) New Model Army beats king @ Naseby (1645) King surrenders to Scots Split b/w army & Parl. over: Money: Parl., broke from war, wants to disband army w/o pay Govt: What did each side want? Religion: Army wants indep. congr’s vs. Parl.’s Nat’l presbyterian church Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: Standard uniforms & equipment Regular pay Tight discipline English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament forms “New Model Army” of draftees which has: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

  46. English Civil Wars (1642-8) Battle of Edgehill (1642) Bloody draw prob. cut short by lack of powder  War largely a series of local wars as each side built its forces “Roundheads” beat king at Marston Moor (1644) New Model Army beats king @ Naseby (1645) King surrenders to Scots Split b/w army & Parl. over: Money: Parl., broke from war, wants to disband army w/o pay Govt: Parl. wants oligarchy of rich vs. army who wants democracy Religion: Army wants indep. congr’s vs. Parl.’s Nat’l presbyterian church Parliament & Puritans having: • Urban S & E Control navy •Calvinist Scottish allies Civil War between: Standard uniforms & equipment Regular pay Tight discipline English Civil Wars (1642-8) Royalist “Cavaliers” having: • Agric/ N. & W Better cavalry • Irish Catholic allies Parliament forms “New Model Army” of draftees which has: FC.96B CIVIL WAR & MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN ENGLAND (1642-61) 30 Yrs War Scottish, Eng., & Irish veterans (FC.88) Charles I & Parliament clash over $ & relig. (FC.96A)

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