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Change …..

Change …. Muslim Guerilla, Philippines. Movement, Reform & Revolution. Pakistan. Change …. Linear change Abrupt change movement reform revolution …. Castro. Components. Organisation (coordination, control efforts, style)

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Change …..

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  1. Change ….. Muslim Guerilla, Philippines Movement, Reform & Revolution Pakistan

  2. Change ….. • Linear change • Abrupt change movement reform revolution ….. Castro

  3. Components • Organisation (coordination, control efforts, style) • Beliefs / Ideals (definition of movement, grievances, proposals, attacks, plans, resistance) • Actions (e.g. violent or non-violent, conventional and unconventional)

  4. Revolution … the most extreme form • Overthrow of a regime • Use of violence / threat • Significant changes socially, economically and politically Chechenya, Russia

  5. Characteristics (Cohan) • Presence of violent behaviour • Alteration of values • Alteration of social structure / institutions • Changes in leaders and its formation • Legal / illegal transfer of power Sierra Leone, Africa

  6. Causes ... Marxist interpretation • Inevitable result • Class conflict resulted from exploitation • Alienation and formation of class • Revolt

  7. Causes … non-Marxist interpertation Mix of various factors • General causes (economic, socio-cultural, ideological, political) • Specific causes (well-organised sector, dissension within the ruling elite, lost of control, power and authority)

  8. Status Politics • Non-class based movement • Seeks to protect / promote their own values / beliefs • Found in prosperous time Rethinking Anti-Vietnam War Movement

  9. Neil Smesler’s study of norm-oriented social movement • Generalised / short-circuited beliefs • Pre-conditions: - Structural conduciveness - Strain • Precipitating factors • Mobilisation for action • Social control

  10. Structural Theories - Skocpol • Causes found in the society (not personal wishes) • International conditions play major role • State as crucial factor to success or failure

  11. Skocpol’s study of France, Russia & China • Conditions promote vulnerability (weakened bureaucracy, developing of opposition) • Capacity of opposing forces • Initial reactions after taking over power

  12. Organisational Theory • Discontent as normal and therefore not really critical • Lenin’s notion of party as vehicle for revolution • Will of the leaders and activists • Organisational capacity and action East Timor

  13. Social-psychological Theories • Explaining why people discontent • Rising expectation • Dissatisfaction • Relative deprivation • Frustration - aggression • Intolerable Acheese Independence Force, Indonesia

  14. Theories / Factors explaining ... • Origin of the frustration / movement • Growth / development of the movement • Outcome of the movement (success or failure) Musharif, seize power by a military coup, Pakistan

  15. Stages ….

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