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Outline

Outline. The Science of the Mind Introspectionism Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Models of the Mind Black box Jukebox The mind box Sternberg task. Introspectionism. Method: ask your subjects Strength: First-Person Privileged Access Shortcomings:

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Outline

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  1. Outline • The Science of the Mind • Introspectionism • Behaviorism • Cognitive Psychology • Models of the Mind • Black box • Jukebox • The mind box • Sternberg task

  2. Introspectionism • Method: • ask your subjects • Strength: • First-Person Privileged Access • Shortcomings: • It provides access to productsof thinking, rather than the processes that underlie it. • It relies on conscious report: Many interesting mental events are unconscious (e.g. memory retrieval, or visual processes that lead to perceptual illusions). Edward Titchener (1867-1927)

  3. Response Stimulus Behaviorism • Method: • Study stimulus-response relations

  4. Example of Behaviorism: Classical Conditioning • 1. sight of food  salivation • 2. bell & food together  salivation • 3. bell alone  salivation • STIMULUS  RESPONSE Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

  5. Behaviorism • Emphasis on what can be directly observed. • Stimuli  Responses • Reinforcements / Rewards • Ignore the mind (unobservable).

  6. Behaviorism Strengths: • rigorous scientific observation • controlled laboratory settings • Applicable to certain areas (e.g., learning: pairing of stimuli and responses)

  7. Behaviorism Shortcomings: • Limiting science to observable things is a bad idea. Theories are about unobservables • Can’t account for much of human behavior.

  8. Behaviorism Cannot explain: • Language • Attention • Spatial learning & Cognitive Maps

  9. Behaviorism Cannot explain: • Language (Chomsky, 1959) • Novel words, over-generalizations, no feedback • ‘mano’ (hand) -> ‘nano’ (meaningless) • ‘no mas’ (no more) -> ‘ma no’ • Vs. Associative Learning (Baldwin, 1992) • Referential looking Noam Chomsky

  10. Behaviorism Cannot explain: • Attention • Change blindness • Two different stimulus -> same perception • Same stimulus -> different perception

  11. Behaviorism Cannot explain: • Spatial learning & Cognitive Maps Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959)

  12. What do Tolman’s Maps look like? learning can occur without reinforcement:Such ‘latent learning’ goes against standard behavioristic principles, which claim that learning comes only from outcomes

  13. X Rats learn to follow this path … later they can deduce the shorter path. X this ability cannot be explained only by links between stimuli and responses. A better explanation is to pose the existence of an internal spatial map

  14. Cognitive Maps in Bees, von Frisch 1967 • behavior of bees returning to hive after locating nectar • Can use a symbolic form of communication • Different patterns of dances represent different meanings • Round dance: source less than 100 yards from hive • Figure 8 dance: greater distances

  15. Response Stimulus Behaviorism Study stimulus-response relations, but do NOT attempt to understand unobservable mental processes

  16. Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Behaviorism Study stimulus-response relations, but do NOT attempt to understand unobservable mental processes Cognitive Psychology Study stimulus-response relations to infer the underlying mental processes. The contents of the mind CAN be studied scientifically

  17. How to investigate Perception & Cognition • Ask your subjects (Introspectionism) • Look at S-R patterns (Behaviorism) • Infer mental processes (Cognitive Psychology) • from S-R patterns (Reaction Time, Accuracy) • from neural patterns (cognitive neuroscience)

  18. Next …. How cognitive psychologists make inferences about what’s inside the black box...

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