Cold War

1. Cold War U.S. History Chapter 18

2. United States vs. Soviet Union • United States: • Democracy • Private citizens control economic activity • People elect government official with political parties – offers a CHOICE • Soviet Union: • State-controlled property and economic activity • Totalitarian – NO CHOICE • Upset over no 2nd Front, secret atomic bomb

3. United Nations • 50 nations • Promote peace • San Francisco meeting • Competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union

4. Potsdam Conference • July 1945 – U.S., GB, S.U. • Final war-time conference • Clear Stalin NOT allowing free elections in Poland like he promised at Yalta • Showed U.S./S.U. at big odds • So.. • Truman fought against large reparations from Germany

5. Satellite Nations • Page 605 • Countries dominated by the Soviet Union – communist governments established

6. Containment ** • Taking measures to prevent communism from spreading to other countries – “containing” it where it exists • George Kennan

7. “Iron Curtain” • Winston Churchill • Refers to the division between democratic Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe

8. The Cold War • Conflict between the U.S. and the S.U. that does not take place on a battlefield • 1945 – 1991 (when S.U. breaks up)

9. Truman Doctrine • Greece and Turkey – civil wars – communists vs. pro-western governments. Fall of either opens up Western Europe and Asia to Soviet influence • Truman Doctrine - $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey. • Why? U.S. must support free people everywhere from outside pressure

10. Marshall Plan • Western Europe torn up! • Sec. of State George Marshall – give aid to European nations that need it • 16 nations - $13 billion over 4 years • Promoted democracy • Our industries/banks profited

11. German reunification • 4 zones – GR, FR, US combine their areas – Democratic • Western Berlin – cut off by S.U. • Berlin Airlift – 327 days – U.S. airlifts food, supplies • Increased our prestige • Protected flights with threat of bomb! • Germany – Western part – The Federal Republic of Germany. Eastern part – German Democratic Republic

12. NATO • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • 12 nations • Defensive military alliance • **1st peacetime alliance for the U.S. • **end of isolationism

14. China • National government led by Chiang Kai-shek, supported by the U.S. • Sent $3 billion to help fight communist take over. He had no public support though. • Mao Zedong – Communist leader – won people’s support, defeated Kai-shek, est. the People’s Republic of China

15. Korea • 38th parallel – North – Soviet, South – American controlled • KNOW MAP PAGE 613 • General Douglas MacArthur – commander of troops • Wanted to invade China, Truman rejected idea, MacArthur spoke out against Truman, fired

16. The Cold War at Home

17. Executive Order 9835 • Called for loyalty boards for government employees. • 91 organizations labeled “subversive” – watched members • 3.2 million investigated, not allowed to see evidence against them

18. HUAC • House Un-American Activities Committee – investigated communism in the movie industry • “Hollywood 10” – 10 screen writers, producers, directors – associated with communism

19. McCarran Act • Against the law to establish a totalitarian government in the U.S. • Required Communist organizations to register with the government

20. Alger Hiss • Accused of being a Soviet spy • Guilty, prison

21. Rosenberg’s • Sept. 1949 – Soviets exploded an atomic bomb. How so fast??? • Jan. 1950 – Truman orders creation of hydrogen bomb – finished in ‘52. Soviets do the same 9 months later • Ethel and Julius Rosenberg – accused of leaking atomic secrets to the Soviets • Guilty, put to death in electric chair

22. McCarthyism • Joseph McCarthy – Rep Senator – accused government employees of being members of Communist party (205 names) • Later charged the Army of being filled with communists – put on trial – TV • Lost a lot of support • McCarthyism – public charges of disloyalty in the government without evidence

23. Dwight D. Eisenhower • 1952 election • 1956 election

24. John Foster Dulles • Secretary of State • “Massive Retaliation” – use ALL force to stop communism • “Brinkmanship” – going to the brink of war with S.U. to keep peace – relies on nuclear weapons • Fear of nuclear war comes home – air raid procedures, fall-out shelters

25. CIA • Central Intelligence Agency – spies, information. • Secret operations to weaken/overthrow unfriendly governments • PAGE 623 - 624

26. Warsaw Pact • 1953 – Stalin dies • Nikita Khrushchev took over – “Peaceful Co-existence” • Warsaw Pact – S.U. and 7 Eastern European countries

27. “Spirit of Geneva” • Meeting between Eisenhower/Khrushchev. Wanted “open skies” – does not get, but does get an agreement to stop nuclear testing

28. Eisenhower Doctrine • U.S. would defend any Middle Eastern nation against any Communist nation • Hungarian Revolt – Hungary revolted against S.U., denounced Warsaw Pact. Soviet tanks rolled in, 30,000 killed. 200,000 fled. • U.S. did nothing, UN did nothing – it was a satellite nation

29. The Space Race • Sputnik – artificial satellite launched by Soviets • Increase in education – science and math • CIA – making secret flights over Soviet territory taking photos • May 1, 1960 – U-2 plane shot down, evidence of spying shown to world • We agree to stop spying • Caused the ‘60s to begin with tension!!!

31. Kennedy and the Cold WarChapter 20

32. 1960 Election • Republican – Richard Nixon • Democrat – John F. Kennedy • Things that cost Republicans – Sputnik, long range missiles, U-2 spy plane, Cuba and Soviet Union • TV and Civil Rights turned the election: • TV – 4 debates where JFK looked more “polished” than Nixon • Civil Rights – MLK arrested in Atlanta. Eisenhower did nothing, Kennedy got him out of jail

33. Kennedy wins by small margin – just over 100,000 popular votes

34. A New Military Policy • Flexible Response – less reliance on nuclear weapons, increase spending on conventional arms and mobile military • Created the Green Berets

35. Cuba • 1959 – Fidel Castro came to power • Nationalized American-owned businesses/property • Eisenhower cut off trade • Castro turned to Soviet Union • Est. a communist Totalitarian government • Eisenhower – train anticommunist Cuban exiles to retake Cuba

36. Bay of Pigs • April 17, 1961 – 1,300 to 1,500 Cubans exiles trained by the CIA landed at Bay of Pigs • Nothing went as planned, trapped by Cubans backed with Soviet tanks • Forced to surrender • Made us look BAD

37. Cuban Missile Crisis • Oct. 1962 – spy photos show Soviet missile bases in Cuba, some with missiles ready to launch • Page 675 • Oct. 22 – “any attack from Cuba would trigger an all-out attack on the Soviet Union”

38. For 6 days – Soviet ships heading toward Cuba, naval blockade around Cuba, 100,000 troops sent to Florida • “Eyeball to eyeball” • S.U. backed down

39. Khrushchev – removed missiles from Cuba • Kennedy – will not attack Cuba, removed missiles from Turkey • Both sides criticized • Hot line established • Nuclear Test Ban Treaty – end testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere

40. Berlin Wall • U.S. troops still in Berlin • People still escaping from east to west • Khru – ordered us to leave, JFK – no. • August 1961 – Berlin wall built • Symbol of the Cold War

42. The Vietnam War Years U.S. History Chapter 22

43. Moving Toward Conflict • French controlled Vietnam until WWII • Ho Chi Minh – leader of Vietnamese Communist Party • Japan took over Vietnam • Ho Chi Minh returned and helped from the Vietminh – determined to gain independence • Japanese left after WWII, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam an independent nation

44. French send troops, gain control of Southern half • 1950 – U.S. sends nearly $15 million in economic aid to France • Domino Theory – Eisenhower – if one nation falls to communism they all will fall (just like dominos) • French surrendered May 1954

45. Geneva Accords – temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel – Communist north, nationalists south. Election to unify the country would be held in 1956

46. The United States Steps In • Ho Chi Minh – North Vietnam • Ngo Dinh Diem – South Vietnam – strong anticommunist • Diem refused to take part in the elections • Vietcong – Communist opposition group in the South – began attacking Diem’s government

48. Kennedy and Vietnam • Increased financial aid to Diem • Sent military advisors to train South Vietnamese troops (16,000 by 1963) • Diem becoming unpopular • Corruption • Moved villagers from their homes • Attacked Buddhism

49. Diem had to go • Nov. 1, 1963 – U.S. supported military coup overthrew Diem, Diem killed.

50. Johnson Expands the Conflict • Unstable leadership in South Vietnam • Aug. 2, 1964 – U.S. destroyer fired on by North Vietnamese • Johnson called for bombing strikes on N.V. • Tonkin Gulf Resolution– granted Johnson broad military powers in Vietnam • Operation Rolling Thunder – sustained bombing of North Vietnam • Troops began arriving