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Lesson 2: Aircraft Engine Types And Construction

Lesson 2: Aircraft Engine Types And Construction. The Heat Engine. Converts chemical energy (fuel) into heat energy. Heat energy is then converted into mechanical energy. The heat energy is released at a point in the cycle where the pressure is high, relative to atmospheric. The Heat Engine.

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Lesson 2: Aircraft Engine Types And Construction

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  1. Lesson 2: Aircraft Engine Types And Construction

  2. The Heat Engine • Converts chemical energy (fuel) into heat energy. • Heat energy is then converted into mechanical energy. • The heat energy is released at a point in the cycle where the pressure is high, relative to atmospheric.

  3. The Heat Engine • Divided into groups or types depending upon: • The working fluid used. • The means of compression. • The Propulsive working fluid.

  4. Types Of Heat Engines

  5. Types Of Heat Engines • Turbojet • Means of compression: Turbine-driven compressor • Engine working fluid: Fuel/air mixture • Propulsive working fluid: Fuel/air mixture

  6. Types Of Heat Engines • Turboprop • Means of compression: Turbine-driven compressor • Engine working fluid: Fuel/air mixture • Propulsive working fluid: Ambient Air

  7. Types Of Heat Engines • Ramjet Means of compression: Ram compression Engine working fluid: Fuel/air mixture Propulsive working fluid: Fuel/air mixture

  8. Types Of Heat Engines • Pulse-Jet • Means of compression: Compression due to combustion • Engine working Fluid: Fuel/air mixture • Propulsive working Fluid: Fuel/air mixture

  9. Types Of Heat Engines • Rocket • Means of compression: Compression due to combustion • Engine working fluid: Oxidizer/fuel mixture • Propulsive working fluid: Oxidizer/fuel mixture

  10. Types Of Heat Engines • Reciprocating • Means of compression: Reciprocating action of pistons • Engine working fluid: Fuel/air mixture • Propulsive working fluid: Ambient air

  11. Engine Requirements

  12. Engine Requirements • Efficiency • Power and Weight: If the specific weight of an engine is decreased, the performance of the aircraft will increase. • Reciprocating engines produce approximately 1 HP for each pound of weight.

  13. Engine Requirements • Fuel Economy • The basic parameter for describing the fuel economy of aircraft engines is specific fuel consumption. • Specific fuel consumption for reciprocating engines is the fuel flow (lbs/hr) divided by brake horsepower.

  14. Engine Requirements • Durability and Reliability • Durability is the amount of engine life obtained while maintaining the desired reliability. • Reliability and durability are built into the engine by the manufacture. • Continued reliability is determined by the maintenance, overhaul, and operating personnel

  15. Engine Requirements • Operating Flexibility • The ability of an engine to run smoothly and give desired performance at all speeds from idling to full-power. • The engine must also function efficiently through all variations in atmospheric conditions.

  16. Engine Requirements • Compactness • To effect proper streamlining and balancing of an aircraft, the shape and size of the engine must be compact. • In a single engine aircraft, the shape and size of the engine will affect the view of the pilot.

  17. Engine Requirements • Powerplant Selection ?

  18. Reciprocating Engine • For aircraft whose cruising speeds will not exceed 250 MPH the reciprocating engine is the usual choice. • Chosen for its excellent efficiency. • Turbocharged or supercharged for high altitude use. -- Turbo-use exhaust -- Super-use accessory drive

  19. Turboprop Engine • For cruising speeds from 180 to 350 MPH the turboprop engine performs better. • Develops more power per pound then reciprocating. • Operate most economically at high altitudes.

  20. Turbojet/Turbofan Engines • Intended to cruise from high subsonic speeds up to Mach 2.0. • Operates most efficiently at high altitudes. • Less instrumentation and controls required.

  21. Types Of Reciprocating Engines

  22. In-Line Engines • Generally has even number of cylinders. • Liquid or air cooled. • Has only one crankshaft.

  23. In-Line Engines • Small Frontal area, better adapted to streamlining. • When mounted inverted, it offers the added advantages of a shorter landing gear. • High weight to horsepower ratio.

  24. V-type Engines • Cylinders are arranged in two in-line banks generally set 30-60° apart. • Even number of cylinders and are liquid or air cooled.

  25. Radial Engines • Consists of a row, or rows, of cylinders arranged radially about a center crankcase. • The number of cylinders composing a row may be either three, five, seven, or nine.

  26. Radial Engines • Proven to be very rugged and dependable. • High horsepower.

  27. Rotary-Radial • Used during World War I by all of the warring nations. • Cylinders mounted radially around a small crankcase and rotate with the propeller.

  28. Rotary-Radial • Torque and gyro effect made aircraft difficult to control. • Problems with carburetion, lubrication, and exhaust.

  29. Opposed Or O-type Engines • Two banks of cylinders opposite each other with crankshaft in the center. • Liquid or air cooled, air cooled version used predominantly in aviation.

  30. Opposed Or O-type Engines • Has low weight-to-horsepower ratio. • Its narrow silhouette makes it ideal for installation on wings. • Little vibration.

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