1. Lesson one Text How does a Marine Diesel engine Work?

2. *The diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine which ignites(点燃) the fuel by injecting(喷射) it into hot, high pressure air in a combustionchamber(燃烧室).

3. The marine diesel engine is a type of diesel engine used on ships. The principle of its operation is as follows:

4. Achargeoffresh air is drawn or pumped into the engine cylinder(气缸) and then compressed by the moving piston(活塞) to very high pressure.

5. When the air is compressed, its temperature rises so that it ignites the fine spray(喷雾、油雾) of fuel injected into the cylinder.

6. The burning of the fuel adds more heat to the air charge, causing it to expand and force the engine piston to do work on the crankshaft which in turn drives the ship’s propeller(螺旋桨).

7. Fuel injector Exhaust valve Inlet valve Combustion chamber Piston ring Piston pin Piston Connecting rod Cylinder crankshaft Crank web Four-stroke diesel engine

8. Fuel injector Fuel injector Exhaust valve 扫气口 Scavenge port Exhaust port Piston pin Piston rod Crosshead Two-stroke Engine Connectingrod Cross scavenge system Uniflow scavenge system

9. The operation between two fuel injections is called a working cycle, which consists of a fixed sequence of events.

10. This cycle may be achieved either in four strokes(冲程、行程) or two.

11. In a four-stroke diesel engine, the cycle requires four separatestrokes of the piston, i.e. suction(吸气), compression(压缩), expansion(膨胀) and exhaust(排气).

12. If we combine the suction and exhaust operations with the compression and expansion strokes, the four-stroke engine will be turned into a two-stroke one, as is shown in Figures 1-a)—d).

13. Fuel injector Cylinder Piston Exhaust port Scavenge port Connecting rod Crank Injection (c) Exhaust (d) Scavenge (a) Compression (b)

14. The two-stroke cycle begins with the piston coming up from the bottom of its stroke, i.e. bottom dead center (BDC), with the air inlet ports or scavenge ports(扫气口) in the sides of the cylinder being opened (Fig. 1-a)).

15. The exhaust ports are uncovered also. Pressurized fresh air charges into the cylinder, blowing out any residual exhaust gases from the last stroke through the exhaust ports.

16. As the piston moves about one fifth of the way up, it closes the inlet ports and the exhaust ports. The air is then compressed as the piston moves up. (Fig. 1-b)).

17. When the piston reaches the top of its stroke, i.e. the top dead center (TDC), both the pressure and the temperature of the air rise to very high values.

18. The fuel injector injects a fine spray of fuel into the hot air and combustion take place, producing much higher pressure in the gases.

19. The piston is forced(迫使) downward as the high pressure gases expand until it uncovers the exhaust ports.

20. The burning gases begin to exhaust (Fig. 1-d)) and the piston continues down until it opens the inlet ports. Then another cycle begins.

21. In the two-stroke engine, each revolution of the crankshaft(曲轴) makes one power or working stroke, while in the four-stroke engine, it takes two revolutions to make one power stroke.

22. That is why a two-stroke cycle engine will theoretically develop twice (two times) the power of a four-stroke engine of the same size.

23. Inefficient scavenging and other losses, however, reduce the power advantageto about 1.8.

24. Each type of engine has its application on board ship. The slow speed (i.e. 90 to 120 rev/min) main propulsion diesel operates on the two-stroke cycle.

25. At this low speed the engine requires no reduction gearbox between it and propeller.

26. The four-stroke engine (usually rotating at mediumspeed, between 250 to 750 rev/min) is used for alternators and sometimes for main propulsion with a gearbox to provide a propeller speed of between 90 to 120 rev/min.

27. Reading Material Working cycles A diesel engine may be designed to work on the two-stroke or on the four-stroke cycle: both of these are explained below.

28. The four-stroke cycle Figure 2 shows diagrammatically the sequence of events throughout the typical four-stroke cycle of two revolutions.

29. It is usual to draw such diagrams starting at TDC (firing), but the explanation will start at TDC (scavenge ). Top dead center is sometimes referred to as inner dead center (IDC).

30. Proceedingclockwise round the diagram, both inlet (or suction) and exhaust valves are initially open. (All modern four-stroke engines have poppet valves(提升阀).)

31. If the engine is naturallyaspirated(自然吸气), or is a small high-speed type with a centrifugal turbocharger, the period of valve overlap(重叠), i.e. when both valves are open, will be short, and the exhaust valve will close some 10°after top dead center (ATDC).

32. 四冲程定时图 TDC（firing) Injection commences ≈10-20°BTDC Fuel valve closed(full load) Exhaust valve closes ≈50-60°ATDC Inlet valve open ≈70-80 °BTDC Exhaust valve opens ≈120-150°ATDC Inlet valve close ≈146-155°BTDC BDC Fig 2

33. Propulsion engines and the vast majorityof auxiliary generator engines running at speeds below 1000 rev/min will almost certainly be turbocharged and

34. will be designed to allow a generousthroughflow of scavenge air at this point in order to control the turbine blade temperature.

35. In this case the exhaust valve will remain open until exhaust valve closure (EVC) at 50-60°ATDC. As the piston descends to outer or bottom dead center (BDC) on the suction stroke, it will inhale(吸入) a fresh charge of air.

36. To maximize this, balancing the reduced opening as the valve seats against the slight ram(进气阀座) or inertia effect of the incoming charge, the inlet (suction) valve will normally be held open until about 25- 35° ABDC (145-155°BTDC).

37. This event is called inlet valve closure (IVC). The charge is then compressed by the rising piston until it has attained a temperature of some 550℃.

38. At about 10-20°BTDC(firing), depending on the type and speed of the engine, the injectoradmits finely atomized(雾化的) fuel which ignites within 2-7°(depending on type again) and

39. the fuel burns over a period of 30-50°while the piston begins to descend on the expansion stroke, the piston movement usually helping to induce air movement to assist combustion.

40. At about 120-150°ATDC the exhaust valve opens (EVO), the timing being chosen to promote(促进) a very rapid blow-down(排出) of the cylinder gases to exhaust.

41. This is done: (a) to preserve(保留) as much energy as is practicable to drive the turbocharger, and (b) to reduce the cylinder pressure to a minimum by BDC to reduce pumping work on the “exhaust” stroke.

42. The rising piston expels(排出) the remaining exhaust gas and at about 70-80° BTDC the inlet valve opens (IVO)so that the inertia of the outflowing gas,

43. plusthe positive pressure difference, which usually exists across the cylinder by now, produces a through flowof air to the exhaust to ‘scavenge’ the cylinder.

44. If the engine is naturallyaspirated the IVO is about 10°BTDC. The cycle now repeats.

45. The two-stroke cycle Figure 3 shows the sequence of events in a typical two-stroke cycle, which, as the name implies, is accomplished in one complete revolution of the crank.

46. 二冲程定时图The two-stroke cycle TDC Injection commences ≈10-20°BTDC Fuel valve closes (full load ) Exhaust opens ≈110-120°ATDC Exhaust closes ≈110-150°BTDC Inlet closes ≈130-150°BTDC Inlet opens ≈130-150°ATDC Fig.3

47. Two-stroke engines invariably have ports to admit air when uncovered by the descending piston.

48. The exhaust may be via ports adjacent to the air ports and controlled by same piston (loop scavenge回流扫气) or via poppet exhaust valves at the other end of the cylinder (uniflow scavenge直流扫气).

49. Starting at TDC combustion is already under the wayand the exhaust opens (EO) at 110-120°ATDC to promote a rapid blow-down before the inlet opens (IO) about 20-30°later (130-150°ATDC).

50. In this way the inertia of the exhaust gases—moving at about the speed of sound—is contrived(设计、设法)to encourage the incoming air to flow quickly through the cylinder with a minimum of mixing,