Renewable Energy Technologies (Wind Energy)

1. Renewable Energy Technologies (Wind Energy) Presented by Salman Nazir Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

2. Presentation Highlights • Introduction to Renewable Resources Pvt Limited • Need to Introduce Renewable Energies in Power sector (Introduction of RE) • Global Wind Market • Potential to work in wind Sector-Pakistan • History of Wind Turbine • Wind Energy Basics • Wind Turbine Classification • Wind Resource Assessment/Wind Measurement • Wind Data Analysis/Energy Yield Estimation • Electrical Study • Q&A Session Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

3. Introduction(Services of RE2 for RE project developers) • Renewable Resources (Pvt.) Ltd (RE2) is a consulting company provides end to end solutions in RE sector, EE and Environment • RE2 is local Partner of Lahmeyer International • RE2 undertakes the project development including feasibility studies, policy Framework, financial consulting, permits and approvals, overseeing EPC activities etc • RE2 is engaged as Lenders Engineer for Banks (ADB, OPIC, NB, HBL) and Owners Engineer with companies (Fauji Foundation, Fauji Fertilizers, Three Gorgies First Wind Farm, Tapal Power, United Power (Operating BP in Pakistan) Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

4. Our Major Projects • 10 MW Solar Power Project of Roshan Power-A Beacon house Project • 02 MW Solar Power Project of 1st Solar • Development of Micro Finance System for MFIs / DFIs to support Off-Grid Solar PV Applications – A Project of Enercon • 50 MW Wind Power Project of Three Gorges First Wind Farm Pakistan Pvt. Ltd) • 100 MW Wind Power Project of United Energy Pakistan Limited • 50 WM Wind Power Project of Hawa Energy Private Limited • 50 MW Coal Power Project in Punjab of Malakwal Power- A Project of Beacon house Group Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

5. Our Projects CONT… • 05 MW Wind Project of Albario Energy in Sindh, Pakistan). • 30 MW Wind Project of Tapal Wind Energy Ltd in Sindh, Pakistan • Regional Wind Resource Assessment in KalarKahar. • Promoting Sustainable Energy Production and Use of Biomass in Pakistan – A Project of WINROCK / UNIDO Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

6. Need of RE Current Energy Statistics and Wind Market Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

7. Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

8. 197.5% Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

9. Tariffs from NEPRA (2012) Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

10. Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

11. What to Do Then if ?? Go for Natural Energy Sources (RE Sources) Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

12. Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

13. Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

14. Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

15. Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan • Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB) • Promotion, Encouragement and Development of RE • One window service for investor • Transfer of technology and expertise • Established in 2003 Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

16. Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan • Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation, 2006 • Grid Access on doorstep provided by power purchaser • 100% Purchase guarantee • 100% Grid Availability • No customs duty on import of Generation equipment Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

17. Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan • National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) • Grid Code Addendum for Wind Power • Ease of grid integration • Central Power Purchasing Authority (CPPA) • Energy Purchase Agreement for Wind Power • Operating Procedure • Compensation • Security Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

18. Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

19. Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

20. Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan 50 MW Project, WTG Erection Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

21. Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

22. HISTORY OF WIND TURBINE Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

23. History of Wind Turbine Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

24. The era of wind electric generators began close to 1900’s. • The first modern wind turbine, specifically designed for electricity generation, was constructed in Denmark in 1890 • The first utility-scale system was installed in Russia in 1931. A 100 kW turbine was installed on the Caspian sea shore, which worked for two years and generated about 20,000 kW electricity. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

25. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

26. Wind Power: Global Overview Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

27. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

28. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

29. Wind Energy Basic Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

30. Main Parts • Rotor • Nacelle • Tower • Foundation • Substation Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

31. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

32. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

33. Energy available in wind is the kinetic energy of air masses moving over the earth’s surface. • Wind turbine blades receive this kinetic energy and transform to mechanical. • Mechancial energy is converted to electrical forms. • Conversion efficiency of converting wind to other useful energy forms greatly depends on the efficiency of rotor interaction with the wind stream and efficiency of electrical generator. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

34. Power Curve Where m = mass of air V = Velocity of air Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

35. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

36. Where V = Velocity of air ᵽa=air density AT = Cross sectional area of rotor Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

37. A turbine cannot extract this power completely from the wind. When the wind stream passes the turbine, a part of its kinetic energy is transferred to the rotor and the air leaving the turbine carries the rest away. • Actual power produced by a rotor would thus be decided by the efficiency with which this energy transfer from wind to the rotor takes place. • This efficiency is usually termed as the power coefficient (Cp). • Thus, the power coefficient of the rotor can be defined as the ratio of actual power developed by the rotor to the theoretical power available in the wind. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

38. Where PT= Power Produced by Turbine Rotor Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

39. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

40. Thrust Curve Curve • The thrust force experienced by the rotor (F) can be expressed as • Hence we can represent the rotor torque (T) as Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

41. This is the maximum theoretical torque and in practice the rotor shaft can develop only a fraction of this maximum limit. • The ratio between the actual torque developed by the rotor and the theoretical torque is termed as the torque coefficient Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

42. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

43. Wind Turbine Classification • Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine • Most Commercially used design • Higher power coefficient • Low cut in wind speed • Complicated design • Yaw drive arrangement required. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

44. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

45. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

46. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

47. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

48. No Yaw arrangement required. • Gear box and Generator can be accommodated at ground • Low maintenance cost. • Usually not self starting • Low turbine efficiency. • Chances of high rotational speed and structure breakage. Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

49. Wind Resource Assessment Section 3: Wind Measurement

50. Wind Resource Assessment (Basics) • What is Wind Resource Assessment? • What are basic parameters of Wind Resource Assessment • Wind Speed • Wind Direction • Air Density • Temperature • What is importance of Wind Data? • Wind measuring Equipment Section 3: Wind Measurement