Parent-Child Relations (PSY530)

1. Parent-Child Relations(PSY530) Tomo Umemura 23.10.2013 CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0037 Employment of Best Young Scientists for International Cooperation Empowerment

2. Roles of fathers in children Overview for today • How to find references relevant to your paper. • Umemura, T., Jacobvitz, D., Messina, S., & Hazen, N. (2013). Do toddlers prefer the primary caregiver or the parent with whom they feel more secure? The role of toddler emotion. Infant Behavior and Development, 36, 102-114. • Kobak, R., Rosenthal, N. L., Zajac, K., & Madsen, S. (2007). Adolescent attachment hierarchies and the search for an adult pair bond. In M. Scharf & O. Mayseless (Eds.), New directions in child development: Adolescent attachment. New York, NY: Jossey-Bass.

3. The first draft is due on November 6th. • Your first draft should include title page, introduction paragraph, bodies, and concluding paragraph, and reference section. • Your first draft include at least 2 citations (4 citations in your final paper) • Your first draft is 10% of your paper points. Timetable: • October 16: Return your intro paragraph (APA quiz) • October 23: How to find journal articles relevant to you paper • October 30: How to summarize previous studies. • November 6: The first draft due

4. How to find journal articles • FSS library web site: http://knihovna.fss.muni.cz/ • E-zdroje -> EBSCO -> psychologie-databáze -> PsycINFO

5. How to find journal articles ↑You can change language here. ← I strongly recommend you cite journals (i.e., Peer reviewed journals), but not dissertation, reviews or books.

6. How to find journal articles ←You can get a full text. ←If you cannot, Try this. ←Here you can also find DOI.

7. How to find journal articles • Google scholar: http://scholar.google.com/

8. How to find journal articles ↑You can get a full text.

9. How to find journal articles • If you are using a home-computer, read this: http://ezdroje.muni.cz/vzdaleny_pristup/index.php?lang=en ↑You need UČO and secondary password

10. How to find journal articles • If you have a problem of getting a full-text of a particular article but you really want, please email me the authors’ names, title, and published year. • If you still have a problem, find another article or use only the abstract (although it is your own risk). • If articles are written in a non-English language, you need to attach the abstract of article when you submit the final draft of your paper.

11. Umemura, Jacobvitz, Messina & Hazen (2013). Do toddlers prefer the primary caregiver or the parent with whom they feel more secure? The role of toddler emotion.  • Outcomes: • Frequency of toddler-initiated behavior toward mother vs. father • when the toddlers are distressed • when they are content. • Predictors: • Parent gender (mother vs. father) • primary caregiver status (defined as the parent who spent most time with the infant and performed most of the caregiving tasks) • toddlers’ history of attachment security with each parent • Results: • When distressed, regardless of the security of their attachment to each parent, toddlers more often interacted with the primary caregiver or mother. • When content, toddlers did not show this preference. • Toddlers’ recovery from distress was predicted by their security of attachment.

12. Umemura, Jacobvitz, Messina & Hazen (2013). Do toddlers prefer the primary caregiver or the parent with whom they feel more secure? The role of toddler emotion.  • In the episode of the triadic interaction in your study, were the parents told they have 25 minutes to do all the three (or four) tasks before it started? Or it just naturally came out to be sufficient time for them to do all the tasks? Because I can imagine that the time limit could make some parents nervous and so affect their behavior or responses to the child.

13. Umemura, Jacobvitz, Messina & Hazen (2013). Do toddlers prefer the primary caregiver or the parent with whom they feel more secure? The role of toddler emotion.  • I have read in your article that Lamb reported that although 12- and 18-month-old infants turned to their mothers preferentially, 8- and21-month-old did not. Is there any explanation for this?

14. Umemura, Jacobvitz, Messina & Hazen (2013). Do toddlers prefer the primary caregiver or the parent with whom they feel more secure? The role of toddler emotion.  • Participants from study by Umemura, Jacobvitz, Messina and Hazen (2012) were 38 girls. Why? Is it possible that boys may interact differently?For example: When I have read this sentence: „ Consistent with our hypothesis, toddlers did not prefer their primary caregiver when content”. It came to my mind, that maybe boys would prefer their fathers when content- as a playmate.

15. Umemura, Jacobvitz, Messina & Hazen (2013). Do toddlers prefer the primary caregiver or the parent with whom they feel more secure? The role of toddler emotion.  • “Belsky (1979) found that whereas fathers are more likely to interact with their infant while playing or at their infant’s request, mothers have been found to engage in more caregiving responsibilities.” Is it possible that a child will choose the mother or the father regarding to what he needs? • For example: the child is afraid and will go to his father because he feels safe with him; the child is sick and goes to his mom because he needs a hug. • Can we say that he will choose a person regarding from what he needs or the situation and not always the same primary caregiver?

16. Umemura, Jacobvitz, Messina & Hazen (2013). Do toddlers prefer the primary caregiver or the parent with whom they feel more secure? The role of toddler emotion.  • In a paper comparing the nature of attachment with a mother and a father studying children during the day - how about night hours, were they skipped? Some children are often distressed during the night and this is the time when they seek the one who provides them with security. It could be interesting to observe this factor as well.

17. Umemura, Jacobvitz, Messina & Hazen (2013). Do toddlers prefer the primary caregiver or the parent with whom they feel more secure? The role of toddler emotion.  • “We found that parent gender and cumulative primary caregiver status both uniquely predict toddlers’ preferences. This suggests that babies may be biologically predisposed to prefer the female parent, since females were the primary caregivers during human evolutionary history, but that they may also be predisposed learn who is most responsible for their care through early experiences with their caregivers“ (Umemura et al., 2013, p. 112). • I´m wondering, why you are not considering mother-child´s prenatal phase of life? Is there any option, that this 9 months inside mothers body can be better predictor of preferences for “female” parent (not just this “human evolutionary history”)? Child has good experience with mother´s “caregiving” during pregnancy and feels more secure against distress. Maybe, we should think about something like “prenatal attachment” between mother and child. Is there any research with adopted children's “female preferences” during distress? I think we should compare both.

18. Umemura, Jacobvitz, Messina & Hazen (2013). Do toddlers prefer the primary caregiver or the parent with whom they feel more secure? The role of toddler emotion.  • If the toddlers are more likely to come to their primary caregiver when distressed, would it remain the same for the time of adolescence or adulthood? • If someone has a serious, lets say health problem, would he/she more likely come to a primary caregiver no matter what their relationship is or how close they are?

19. Kobak, Rosenthal, Zajac, & Madsen (2007). Adolescent attachment hierarchies and the search for an adult pair bond. • Findings from previous studies: • Use of peers to serve attachment functions increases over time. • By late adolescence, many teens identify a romantic partner or friend as a primary attachment figure. • Romantic partners are preferred over friends as primary attachment figure in late adolescence. • Romantic relationships that endure are more likely to become attachment relationships. • Reorganization of hierarchy during adolescence • Premature reorganization: association with deviant peers, sexual risk-taking behaviors, delinquent/antisocial behavior • Delay of reorganization: anxiety, depression, low self-esteem

20. Kobak, Rosenthal, Zajac, & Madsen (2007). Adolescent attachment hierarchies and the search for an adult pair bond. • The article focuses on the process of transition of attachment bond from parents to peers, romantic partners and close friends during adolescence. I would like to know more about how can this process be influenced by attachment style of theadolescent (avoidance and anxiety in his/her attachment bonds to the parents). More, if and how is it possible to develop more secure attachment style to peers/partner/friend than one had to his/her parents or vice versa.

21. Kobak, Rosenthal, Zajac, & Madsen (2007). Adolescent attachment hierarchies and the search for an adult pair bond. • In the article it was said that in a country with scarce resources it may be beneficial to go through the attachment changes faster. Theexample for this was teenage pregnancy. What may be the negative consequences of this faster development forced by more difficult circumstances?

22. Kobak, Rosenthal, Zajac, & Madsen (2007). Adolescent attachment hierarchies and the search for an adult pair bond. • I do not really understand whether premature reorganization is seen as a disadvantage for growth (in this study). Is it? There are lots of adolescents who do not find needed support in their parents and therefore their primary or secondary positions in attachment hierarchies are occupied by friends, siblings, or romantic partners rather than by parents or adult caregivers. 

23. Kobak, Rosenthal, Zajac, & Madsen (2007). Adolescent attachment hierarchies and the search for an adult pair bond. • In their paper, Kobak, Rosenthal and Madsen (2000) claim that “Peer factors may also contribute to premature reorganization of the attachment hierarchy” (p. 67). Later on, those authors present findings by which “Affiliation with deviant peers has been identified as a risk factor for adolescent antisocial behavior.” (Patterson, Dishion, & Yoerger in Kobak, Rosenthal, & Madsen, 2000, p. 67) • Since ‘deviant peers’ represent peer factors they can (according to statements presented above) contribute to premature reorganization of the attachment hierarchy. • Therefore I believe it is important to ask which factors lead (or at least contribute) especially to the affiliation with ‘deviant peers’. To what extent it could be caused by parents’ non-accessibility, as authors themselves suggest? Could you think of any other factors?

24. Kobak, Rosenthal, Zajac, & Madsen (2007). Adolescent attachment hierarchies and the search for an adult pair bond. • "During this period, most teens maintain attachment bonds to parents while testing peers as sources of safety and support." (Kobak, 2007: 57)Is there a significant interplay of some kind between parents and the peers of the teen that strengthens or perhaps weakens the bond between parent and teen (triangular interplay between the three parties) ?

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35. Homework • Read two articles • Smetana, J., et al. (2006). Disclosure and secrecy in adolescent-parent relationships. Child Development, 77, 201-217. • Stattin, H., & Kerr, M. (2000). Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation. Child development, 71, 1072-1085. • Email me your thought question(s) by Tuesday midnight.