Respiratory System

1. Respiratory System Zhu Xi

2. General Description • Mediastinum Ⅰ. Constituents: Respiratory tract Lungs Pleura and plural cavity Ⅱ. Function: exchange O2 and CO2 mainly

3. Respiratory tract • Upper respiratory tract Nose pharynx Larynx • Lower respiratory tract Trachea Bronchus branches

4. 一、Nose • 1. External nose • 2. Nasal cavity • nasal vestibule • proper nasal cavity • nasal septum • lateral wall of nasalcavity • 3.Paranasal Sinuses • frontal sinus • maxillary sinus • sphenoidal sinus • ethmoidal sinus

5. 1. External nose

6. 2. Nasal cavity 2. Nasal cavity

7. The formation of the nasal septum 2 Bones, 1 Cartilage, Nasal mucous membrane: olfactory region respiratory region The longitudinal plate of ethmoid bone The cartilage of nasal septum The vomer back

8. Little region

10. Olfactory and respiiratory region

11. 3.Paranasal Sinuses frontal sinus maxillary sinus sphenoidal sinus ethmoidal sinus

12. The openings of the paranasal sinuses

13. 二、Pharynx • Position:颅底→C6 • Parts and structures • nasopharynx • tubal torus • pharyngeal opening • of auditory tube • pharyngeal recess • oropharynx • tonsillar recess • palatine tonsil • lymphatic ring of pharynx • laryngopharynx • piriform recess

15. 三、Larynx 1. Position It is located at anterior part of neck, in front of 4~6 cervical vertebrae. 2. Framework: It is formed by laryngeal cartilages and their articulations. • Cartilages: thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage epiglottic cartilage arytenoid cartilage (paired)

16. Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence sup. cornu sup. thyroid notch lamina Laminae of thyroid cartilage anterior angle inf. cornu Anterior view posterior view

17. Arytenoid cartilages Vocal process Muscular process Vocal process Cricoid cartilage Cricoid arch Cricoid lamina Anterior view posterior view

18. Epiglottic cartilage Anterior view posterior view

19. 5 4 2 1 3 • Articulation: 1. cricothyroid joint: rotate around the coronary axis 2. cricoarytenoid joints: rotate around the vertical axis 3. conus elasticus: free and thicked upper border formed the vocal ligament 4. quadrangular membrane: free lower border formed vestibular ligament 5. thyrohyoid membrane

20. Thyrohyoid membrane Quadrangular membrane Conus elasticus Lateral view Lateral view

21. 3. Laryngeal cavity 2 flods— vestibular fold vocal fold 2 fissures— vestibular fissure fissure of glottis 3 parts — laryngeal vestibule intermediate cavity of larynx infraglottic cavity

24. 4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • It can open the glottis • Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid, • Lateral cricoarytenoid: • They can close the glottis • Cricothyroid, • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • They can lengthen and tense • the vocal fold • Thyroarytenoid: • It can relax and shorten the • vocal fold

25. 4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • It can open the glottis • Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid, • Lateral cricoarytenoid: • They can close the glottis • Cricothyroid, • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • They can lengthen and tense • the vocal fold • Thyroarytenoid: • It can relax and shorten the • vocal fold

26. 4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • It can open the glottis • Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid, • Lateral cricoarytenoid: • They can close the glottis • Cricothyroid, • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • They can lengthen and tense • the vocal fold • Thyroarytenoid: • It can relax and shorten the • vocal fold

27. 四、The trachea and main bronchus Bifurcation of trachea

28. 五、Lung Position: located in the thoracic cavity, both sides of the mediastinum, above the diaphragm

29. External features: • an apex • a base • 2 surfaces— • mediastinal and • costal surfaces • 3 borders– • anterior border, • inferior border, • posterior border

30. Fissures and lobes of the lungs: • left lung – 2 lobes ( by oblique fissure) • superior lobe (lingula) • inferior lobe • right lung – 3 lobes • (by oblique and • horizontal fissures): • superior lobe • middle lobe, • inferior lobe

31. Hilum of lungs (medial view of the lungs) It is the center part of mediastinal surface. The arrangement of main structures as follows: from anterior to posterior--- pulmonary v., pulmonary a., main bronchus (both sides) from superior to inferior--- rightlung– bronchus of sup. lobe, leftlung– pulmonary a., pulmonary a., main bronchus, bronchus of inf. lobe, pulmonary v. pulmonary v.

32. The structures of the lung: two parts • ---bronchial tree: • principal bronchus--- • lobar bronchi--- • segmental bronchi--- • bronchioles--- • terminal bronchioles • --- alveoli of the lung:

35. The Segments of the lung: bronchopulmonary segments

37. 六、The Pleura and pleural cavities: • costodiaphragmatic recess • Costomediastinal recess The Parts: Visceral pleura pulmonary pleura Parietal pleura---- Cupula Costal pleura Mediastinal pleura Diaphragmatic pleura The pleural cavity andpleural recess :

39. Cervical pleura Costai pleura Mediastinal pleura Left lung Diaphragm Right lung Dia phragmatic pleura Costodiaphragmatic recess

42. 肺和胸膜的体表投影 • 1. 胸膜顶的体表投影与肺尖一致 • 2. 下界： 锁骨中线 腋中线 肩胛线 后正中线 肺下界 第6肋 第8肋 第10肋 第10胸椎棘突 胸膜下界 第8肋 第10肋 第11肋 第12胸椎棘突

43. 七、mediastinum纵 膈 1、概念：两侧纵隔胸膜之间全部器官、结构、结缔组织的总称。 2、分区：以胸骨角和第4胸椎体下缘的平面分为上纵隔和下纵隔， 下纵隔又以心和心包为界，分为前、中、后纵隔。 3、内容：纵隔内的主要器官有：胸腺、心、心包、气管、食管、胸导管、膈神经、迷走神经、主动脉、奇静脉、胸交感干等。

44. Right view Left view

46. 上纵隔的内容（从前到后）： • 胸腺或胸腺剩件； 静脉层：头臂v.、上腔v.、奇v.弓； 动脉层: 主a弓及其3大分支、迷走n.及喉返n.、 膈神经及心包膈a.v.、动脉导管索。 动脉导管三角（左膈n.、左迷走n.及 喉返n.、左肺a.)； 三管层：气管、食管、胸导管； 胸交感干及灰、白交通支，奇v.及副半奇v.。

47. 下纵隔的内容 • 前纵隔的内容： 结蒂组织、胸腺下部、纵隔前淋巴结； 中纵隔的内容： 心包、心、连心的大血管、 心包膈a.v.和膈n.、气管杈； 后纵隔的内容（从前到后）： 迷走n.前干（左迷走n.)、食管、迷走n.后干（右迷走n.）； 胸主a.、胸导管、胸交感干及灰、白交通支、内脏大、小n.、 奇v.(右侧）及半奇v.（左侧）