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2 Revolutionaries Before the Revolution

This comprehensive analysis delves into the emergence and evolution of social revolutions, focusing on the spontaneous movements that reshape societal structures. Through party formations and the reconstitution of activists, the work examines revolutionary ideas and strategies, showcasing the rise of the "All-Nation Liberation Movement." Highlighting critical dynamics, it explores social profiles of revolutionaries, including their origins, education, and occupations. Emphasizing key movements—moderate-liberal, social democratic, and socialist-revolutionary—this study illuminates the pathways and challenges faced by revolutionary actors.

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2 Revolutionaries Before the Revolution

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  1. 2Revolutionaries Before the Revolution • Theses • Dynamics of Social Revolution • Revolutionaries: Social Profile • Parties and Movements 1. Moderate-liberal 2. Social Democratic 3. Socialist-revolutionary (neo-populist) E. “All-Nation Liberation Movement”

  2. A. Theses • Social revolution: emergence, reshaping of spontaneous movements • Formation of parties, movements • Reconstitution of activists • Revision of revolutionary ideas, tactics • Formation of “all-nation liberation movement

  3. Popular engagement Elite engagement Intelligentsia: signs of shift B. Dynamics of Social Revolution

  4. Miasoedov, “The Zemstvo Dining” (1872)

  5. Repin, “Volga Barge-Haulers” (1870)

  6. Repin, “Peasants Returning in Winter” (1880)

  7. Zemstvo Doctor (1900)

  8. Public Library of Sobriety Society (St. Petersburg, 1901)

  9. D. Parties and Movements • 1895: critical problems • no popular base • no organized parties • no ideology, strategy • Emergence of 3 Main Movements • moderate/liberal • social democratic • socialist-revolutionary

  10. 1. Social Origin 2. Education 3. Occupation 4. Gender C. Revolutionaries: Social Profile

  11. Table 1Revolutionaries: Social Origins

  12. Table 2Revolutionaries: Education

  13. Table 3Revolutionaries: Occupation

  14. Table 4Number Arrested Per Annum

  15. Social Base Zemstvo Movement Union of Liberation D. Parties and Movements1. Moderate-Liberal

  16. Dmitrii Shipov (zemstvo leader)

  17. S. Muromtsev, Moderate liberal

  18. Pavel Miliukov (left liberal)

  19. Petr Struve, Liberal Leader

  20. Parties and Movements2. Social Democratic • Russian Marxism: Emergence and Dilemmas • Surge in Late 1890s • Crisis, 1900-03 • Schism: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

  21. Plekhanov

  22. St. Petersburg Union for the Liberation of Labor (1896)

  23. Ulianov Family, 1879

  24. Lenin in High School (1886)

  25. Lenin (1900)

  26. Nadezhda Krupskaia (1896)

  27. Martov

  28. Trotsky

  29. Stalin (1903)

  30. Classical populism Crisis Rejuventation and Revisionism PSR: propaganda and terror D. Parties and Movements3. Socialist Revolutionary

  31. Viktor Chernov, SR

  32. Grigorii Gershuni, SR

  33. E. All-Nation Liberation Movement • 1. All classes, all nationalities • 2. Claim to lead: classes, parties • 3. Emergence of parties: organizations, theories, activists, presumed base

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