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Chapter 16.1: France before the Revolution

Chapter 16.1: France before the Revolution. France Consolidates France: Consolidating the Nation Turmoil of civil war ends with consolidation of royal power under Henry IV (r. 1589-1610) and Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643) Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes (1598)

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Chapter 16.1: France before the Revolution

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  1. Chapter 16.1: France before the Revolution • France Consolidates • France: Consolidating the Nation • Turmoil of civil war ends with consolidation of royal power under Henry IV (r. 1589-1610) and Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643) • Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes (1598) • Louis XIII encouraged investment in shipping • Domination of Europe by Louis XIV (1643-1715) • Strengthened state control of national economy • Material needs of army stimulated economy

  2. Chapter 16: Political Revolutions in Europe and the AmericasPolitical Revolution • Political revolution changes fundamental basis of government • Apparent unity can shift rapidly • Revolutions often based on a coalition • Threshold of victory can bring crisis • Struggle to gain power within coalition often more brutal than effort to end prior system

  3. Political Revolution • English, American and French Revolutions are all labeled “democratic” by analysts • These revolutions share common traits • Slogans included liberty, equality, fraternity, natural rights, pursuit of happiness, property, no taxation without representation • Outcomes often different than stated goals

  4. Revolution in North America, 1776 • Americans resent British control from 1760s onward • British policy built of large army in North America and taxation to support it • Grievances lead to Declaration of Independence, 1776 • It asserts same concerns as English on eve of the Glorious Revolution

  5. Revolution in North America, 1776 • The First Anti-Imperial Revolution • Represented rejection of colonial rule • But westward movement created American imperial ambition • Still, American Revolution inspired many subsequent revolutions such as Nehru in India • Not a complete political revolution; many groups left out but ideal of equality emerges

  6. French Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-1812 • American Revolution was unique--4 million people, edge of continent, no tradition of class or clerical privilege, built on tradition of British liberty • French Revolution was internal revolt against entrenched elites & monarchy, in most populous & powerful European nation • All Europe affected by French Revolution

  7. French Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-1812 • Origins of Revolution • King’s need for revenue • France was divided into three Estates • Nobles and clergy were tax exempt • Revolt of the Third Estate • Want to turn Estates-General into legislature • Sieyes, What is the Third Estate? • Want delegates to meet as unicameral legs.

  8. French Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-1812 • The Revolt of the Poor • Events occur against backdrop of food shortage • Assault on Bastille, July 14, 1789 • Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen • Great Fear in the countryside • Women’s March on Versailles, Oct. 5-6, 1789 • Constitution of 1791 • Reflects ideals of philosophes • Promulgated after wave of protests

  9. French Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-1812 • International War, the 2nd Revolution and the Terror, 1791-99 • French actions threaten Europe • Civil Constitution of the Clergy • Europe attacks the Revolution, 1792 • Poor attempt to kill Louis XVI, August 9, 1792 • Legislature turns radical after September elections • Reign of Terror • Levee en masse (national military draft)

  10. French Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-1812 • International War, the 2nd Revolution, and the Terror, 1791-99 [cont.] • Radical actions under Robespierre • New Calendar • Worship of the Supreme Being • Success in war prompts reaction against extreme measures • Directory established, 1795 • Napoleon to power, 1799

  11. French Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-1812 • Napoleon in Power, 1799-1812 • Consolidates or extends revolutionary ideas • Code Napoleon, 1804 • “careers open to talent” • Concordat with Pope • Full citizenship for Protestants and Jews • Actions reflect his own modest origins

  12. Ch. 16: POLITICAL French Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-1812 • Napoleonic Wars & the Spread of Revolution, 1799-1812 • Direct or indirect control of Europe by 1810 • Flaws in his policies magnified by ambition • Unsuccessful in war against Britain • Defeated in invasion of Russia, 1812 • Nationalism undermines his control of W. Europe • Defeated and exiled, 1814 & 1815 • Congress of Vienna creates balance of power, 1815

  13. The End of Colonialism in Latin America, 1810-30 • Independence Movements • Revolts led by creole elites, direct descendents of original Spanish settlers • Helped Spain & Portugal put down Indian revolts • Creole fear of indigenous population helped spur drive to independence • Revolts led by creoles were for their control of countries & enjoyment of Enlightenment ideals

  14. The End of Colonialism in Latin America, 1810-30 • After Independence • Bolivar & the Challenge of Unification • Led independence movements after French invasion of Spain • Active in Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Columbia • Hoped for a unified South America but got local caudillo rule

  15. The End of Colonialism in Latin America, 1810-30 • After Independence [cont.] • Mexico • Early Mexican movement opposed Creoles leaders • By 1821 independence creoles were in charge • Territory lost to U.S. and to breakaway nations • Brazil • Portuguese monarch fled Napoleon for Brazil • Brazil made co-equal with Portugal • Brazil became a monarchy

  16. The End of Colonialism in Latin America, 1810-30 • After Independence [cont.] • Paraguay: The New Historiography • Dictactor Francia strongly criticized by creoles and gained a bad reputation • Revolution based on self-government & land distribution • Efforts to defeat Paraguay as a source of inspiration for Argentines and others met with failure

  17. The End of Colonialism in Latin America, 1810-30 • Religious & Economic Issues

  18. Political Revolutions: What Difference Do They Make? • Each Revolution has a clear outcome • British created constitutional rights, failed to extend them to America, but abolished slavery • Philosophes inspired subsequent revolutions • Americans promoted freedom but not for all • Lat. America: political but not econ. freedom • French Revolution is the exception • Idea of revolution but prefigures 20th century

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