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Phylogenetics

Phylogenetics. Chapter 26. Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny. Ontogeny – development from embryo to adult Phylogeny – evolutionary history of a species or group of species Taxonomy – ordered classification of organisms based on a set of characteristics

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Phylogenetics

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  1. Phylogenetics Chapter 26

  2. Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny • Ontogeny – development from embryo to adult • Phylogeny – evolutionary history of a species or group of species • Taxonomy – ordered classification of organisms based on a set of characteristics • Systematics – classification of organisms by their evolutionary relationships • Basis of phylogeny

  3. Binomial Nomenclature • Each species is assigned a 2-word name • Developed by C. Linnaeus • First word is the genus & second word is species • Example: Canisfamiliaris • Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)

  4. Phylogenetic Trees

  5. Homologous Structures • How do we determine phylogenetic relationships? • Morphological similarities due to common ancestry • Insert diagram of homologous structures

  6. Analogous Structures • Similarities that are NOT due to common ancestry • Indicate similar solutions to a common problem • Usually due to convergent evolution • When 2 organisms develop similarities as they adapted to similar environmental challenges

  7. Molecular Systematics • DNA or other molecular characteristics are used to determine evolutionary relationships • More similar DNA sequences, closer their evolutionary relationship • Ribosomal RNA is used for investigating distant relationships (hundreds of millions of years ago) • Mitochondrial DNA evolves rapidly • Used for investigating recent evolutionary trends

  8. Cladograms • Visually depicts a phylogenetic tree between groups • Highlights the patterns of shared characteristics • Homologous characteristics or molecular similarities • Clade • Group of species that include an ancestral species and all of its descendents

  9. 7 Levels of Order • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  10. Kingdoms or Domains • Old taxonomy • Kingdoms – • **Monera – Bacteria • Protista • Fungi • Animalia • Plantae

  11. Domains (Kingdoms) • In this model, K. Monera is split into 2 kingdoms • K. Monera is separated into: • Domain Archaebacteria • Domain Eubacteria • Other Domain: Eukarya • Consists of K. Fungi, K. Plantae, K. Animalia • Also, much of K. Protista has been classified into 1 of the other 3 kingdoms • What are the other 3 kingdoms called?

  12. Prokaryotic Domains • Archea • Extremeophiles • Halophiles • Thermophiles • Methanogens • Bacteria (Eubacteria) • Proteobacteria • Gram-Positive • Chlamydia • Cyanobacteria • Spirochetes

  13. Domain Eukarya • Eukaryotes • Superkingdom - incorporates 4 of the kingdoms from the kingdom model • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

  14. 3 Domains Compared

  15. Questions • In the Kingdom classification, how many kingdoms are there? • What are the names of the Kingdoms? • In the Domain classification, how many Domains are there and what are they?

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