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Day 1

Day 1. Quiz When done complete hope survey Subscale Agency: add 2, 9, 10, and 12 Subscale Pathway: add 1, 4, 6, and 8 Total: add 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 Complete Exploration Inventory Add up 1 – 18 Reminder: Cognitive paper due Friday. Unit Overview. Motivational Concepts Hunger

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Day 1

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  1. Day 1 • Quiz • When done complete hope survey • Subscale Agency: add 2, 9, 10, and 12 • Subscale Pathway: add 1, 4, 6, and 8 • Total: add 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 • Complete Exploration Inventory • Add up 1 – 18 • Reminder: Cognitive paper due Friday

  2. Unit Overview • Motivational Concepts • Hunger • Sexual Motivation • The Need to Belong

  3. Introduction • Why do you think people go to college? • Motivation

  4. Instinct Theory of Motivation • Inspired by what perspective? • Instinct • Flaws of the instinct theory of motivation • Instinct theory does fail to explain human motives but research shows that genes do predispose our typical behavior (think evolutionary psychology and sex appeal)

  5. Pushed by our ‘need’ to reduce drives • Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis

  6. Pulled by Incentives • Incentive • Positive (lure us) and negative (repel us) • Example for food? • Need + incentive = strong drive • Hunger + smell of good food makes you very hungry

  7. Optimum Arousal • Flaw of drive reduction theory • Optimum level of arousal

  8. When your basic needs are met you can focus on other motives – if your basic needs are not met your strong drive to eat will take over and you will not be able to focus on other motives such as making and reaching goals • Whose theory does this describe?

  9. Flaws of Maslow’s Theory?

  10. Ancel Keys Research • Ancel Keys – 36 male participants cutting food portions in half for six months. Results?

  11. The Physiology of Hunger • Washburn study: • Results: • Stomachs removed in rats – did they still eat?

  12. Body Chemistry and the Brain • Glucose • What hormone reduces blood glucose? • Which brain part is in charge of hunger?

  13. The hypothalamus and Hunger • Lateral hypothalamus • Stimulate: • Remove: • When blood sugar levels drop the lateral hypothalamus produces what hunger-triggering hormone? • Vetromedial hypothalamus • Stimulate: • Destroy it?

  14. The Physiology of Hunger • Appetite hormones • Appetite suppressants: • Set point • Basal metabolic rate

  15. The Psychology of Hunger • Hunger and amnesia • Taste preferences • When depressed we crave what? • I do not like sushi, how could I fix this? • Cultural differences: • we don’t eat dog, horse, rat

  16. The Psychology of Hunger • Adaptive/evolutionary: • Neophobia • Conditioned: taste aversion • Pregnancy related nausea

  17. Ecology of eating • Social facilitation: • Unit bias:

  18. The Psychology of HungerEating Disorders • Eating disorders • Anorexia nervosa • Bulimia nervosa • Binge-eating disorder

  19. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

  20. Obesity and Weight Control • Historical explanations for obesity • Obesity • Obesity and life expectancy

  21. The Social Effects of Obesity • Stereotypes: • Study results? • Weight discrimination • Psychological effects of obesity

  22. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • Fat Cells

  23. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • Set point and metabolism

  24. The Physiology of Obesity • The genetic factor • The food and activity factor

  25. Obesity and Weight ControlLosing Weight • Realistic and moderate goals • Success stories

  26. A Twinkie Tax Is fighting fat a social responsibility? • “The nation’s obesity epidemic may soon overtake tobacco as the leading cause of preventable death, the U.S. Surgeon General has called for changes in policies – from schools to the fast-food industries- to combat the problem. “ • First: What can be done (in schools and community) • Second: Should it be done?

  27. Sexual Motivation • How is it unlike hunger motivation? • How is it similar to hunger motivation? • Sexual motivation

  28. The Physiology of SexThe Sexual Response Cycle • Sexual response cycle • Excitement phase • Plateau phase • Orgasm • Resolution phase

  29. The Physiology of SexHormones and Sexual Behavior • Effects of hormones • Estrogen • Peak during ovulation – meaning what?

  30. The Physiology of SexHormones and Sexual Behavior • Testosterone • Women: • Fluctuations of testosterone in men:

  31. External stimuli Men and women report the same arousal in response to erotic material

  32. External stimuli – Is pornographic material harmful? • Depictions of women being sexually coerced (and enjoying it) 2. Viewing images of sexually attractive women and men 3. After males view TV or magazine depictions of sexually attractive women 4. Viewing x-rated sex films

  33. The Psychology of Sex - Imagined stimuli Brain can influence sexual arousal • Dreams • Sexual fantasies • Differences in fantasies? • Does fantasizing about sex indicate a sexual problem or dissatisfaction?

  34. Adolescent Sexuality • Cultural differences • Environmental factors

  35. Adolescent SexualityTeen Pregnancy • Ignorance • Minimal communication about birth control • Guilt related to sexual activity • Alcohol use • Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

  36. Adolescent SexualitySexually Transmitted Infections • Statistics of STIs • Teen abstinence (engagement – school, religion, families, prosocial projects) • High intelligence • Religious engagement • Father presence • Participation in service learning programs

  37. Sexual Orientation • Sexual orientation • Sexual orientation statistics

  38. Sexual Orientation • Homosexuality not an indicator of mental health – but increased risk for suicidal thoughts and attempts. Why? • Erotic plasticity

  39. Origins of Sexual Orientation • No found environmental causes • Differences in populations • Origins of sexual orientation studies • Fraternal birth order effect - unclear why • How do we know it is biological? • Same-sex attraction in animals

  40. Origins of Sexual Orientation • The brain and sexual orientation • Gay men and straight women have brain hemispheres of similar size • Hypothalamic differences (involved in neural pathway engaged in sexual behavior) • Responses to hormone-derived sexual scents

  41. Sexual OrientationOrigins of Sexual Orientation • Genes and sexual orientation • Prenatal Hormones

  42. Sexual Orientation • Genes, parts of the brain, brain functions, prenatal hormones, birth order effect: many studies about homosexual orientation are correlation • What does this mean? • Not a (proved) causation

  43. The Need to Belong

  44. The Need to Belong • The pain of ostracism • Silent treatment, cyber-ostracism • negative consequences

  45. The Need to Belong • Wanting to belong • Sustaining relationships

  46. The Need to Belong • Aiding survival – how?

  47. Definition Slides

  48. Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

  49. Instinct = a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

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