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This article explores the fundamental concepts of graph theory, specifically focusing on the definitions and representations of undirected and directed graphs. An undirected graph G consists of a vertex set V and an edge set E, where edges are unordered pairs of vertices. In contrast, directed graphs feature edges as ordered pairs, indicating directionality. The discussion includes the incidence of edges and the significance of these structures in graph algorithms, which are crucial for various applications in computer science and mathematics.
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