Austrian-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

1. Austrian-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire Chapter 24 Section 3

2. Key Terms • Franz Joseph I • Magyars • Dual Monarchy • Crimean War • Balkan Wars • Young Turks

3. The Austrian Empire • The Hapsburg family controlled much of the region for four centuries • Empire would not remain intact through the 1800’s • Franz I and Prince Metternich worked together to maintain Austrian power

4. Resistance to Change • As revolts spread through Europe Metternich clamped down on universities • Creating “a whole generation of revolutionaries” • Carlsbad Decrees • Laws prohibiting any reform that conflicted with absolute monarchy

5. Resistance to Change • Decrees established censorship of newspapers • Secret police spied on students • Metternich formed alliances with other European powers to try and stop revolutions

6. Resistance to Change • 1820 Congress of Troppau • Leaders agree to provide military intervention to support governments against internal revolution

7. Turmoil in Europe and Austria • Revolutions in France, Italy and Germany set off revolts in Austria • People of many nationalities within Austria wanted independence • Vienna demonstrators and army clashed in the streets

8. Turmoil in Europe and Austria • Emperor Ferdinand ordered Metternich to resign • Metternich fled Austria • 1848 Ferdinand abdicated • Franz Joseph I his nephew rose to the throne

9. Response to Revolution • Franz Joseph ruled an unstable empire • 1848 Magyars rebelled wanted independence • Czar Nicholas I sent troops to help Austria crush the revolt • Franz Joseph abolished liberal reforms of 1848 • Revoked the new constitution

10. Dual Monarchy • Franz Joseph could not stop the nationalist movement • Formed dual monarchy known as Austria-Hungary • Austria lost the providence of Lombardy to Italy

11. Forming a New Government • Franz Joseph and leader of the Hungarian nationalist movement reached an agreement • Compromise of 1867 created dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary • Became two separate but equal states • Shared ministers of finance, war, and foreign affairs • Each had own parliament

12. An Uneven Solution • Dual monarchy lasted 50 years till 1918 • Dual monarchy had economic advantages • Hungary was rural and more agriculture • Provide food and raw materials for Austria • Austria provided industrialized products for Hungary

13. An Uneven Solution • Divisions remained over nationalities • Austrian Germans and Hungarian Magyars did not speak the same language • Ethnic minorities received little benefit from dual monarchy

14. The Ottoman Empire • Controlled a vast multi ethnic territory for centuries • Greeks, Bulgarian, Turks, Kurds, Arabs and Jews • Empire had been in decline since 1600 • Would not survive the winds of change in the 1800’s

15. The Eastern Question • 1800’s empire could not defend itself against independence movements or external threats • 1830 Greeks gained independence • Russians force Ottomans to accept Russian control in the Caucasus and self rule for Serbia

16. The Eastern Questions • Situation worried European rulers • What would happen if Ottoman empire collapsed? • What would happen to Constantinople? • Russia wanted to control that city for access to the sea • France and Britain propped up ottomans to prevent the Russians takeover

17. The Crimea • 1850’s situation between Ottomans and Europeans grew worse • Dispute over the Holy Land • Gave Roman Catholics control over holy places in Palestine • Ottomans denied Orthodox Christians the same rights

18. The Crimea • Russians invaded Crimean territories • Great Britain saw the Russian invasion as a threat against India • Great Britain , France and the Ottomans joined to fight the Russians

19. The Crimea • Fought in Russia Crimea on the shores of the Black Sea • Crimean war lasted for two years • Resulted in a stalemate • Approximately one half million deaths • Most deaths from disease from crowded hospitals • Florence Nightingale- nurse who helped save lives

20. The Balkans • Serbs, Bulgarians, Albanians and Greeks wanted to be independent • 1800’s to 1900’s led to conflicts and wars • Russia involved in several of the conflicts • Saw Balkans as a route to the Mediterranean

21. The Balkans • Great Britain and France sometimes sided with Russians sometimes with the Ottomans • Germany and Austria wanted to secure control over ethnic groups • Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its lands

22. The Balkans • Russian troops at the gates of Constantinople • 1878 Chancellor Bismarck hosted the Congress of Berlin • Purpose was to overturn Russian gains against the Ottomans

23. The Balkans • Congress of Berlin gave Austria-Hungary land with no consideration to ethnic or national ties • Conflicts will erupt for years

24. Political Reform • 1908 Young Turks began a revolution • Fighting against absolute power of the sultan • Mainly educated men • Young Turks devoted to restoring the constitution

25. Political Reform • Helped ensure • More representative government • Liberal government • Education improved • Government took steps to provide some individual liberties