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Governments Organize for War. Abraham Lincoln v. Jefferson Davis. Lincoln as commander-in-chief. Suspension of habeas corpus After Ft. Sumter: -Call up of state militias -Ordered naval blockade -Expanded military budget. Lincoln Takes Charge!.
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Governments Organize for War Abraham Lincoln v. Jefferson Davis
Lincoln as commander-in-chief • Suspension of habeas corpus • After Ft. Sumter: -Call up of state militias -Ordered naval blockade -Expanded military budget
Lincoln Takes Charge! • Expanding the power of the federal government. Artist Francis B. Carpenter’s “First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln” hangs in the United States Capitol. To the left is one of Carpenter's original sketches from which the famous painting was made.
Financing the war • War bonds • Borrowing • Sales tax • Income tax
Centralization of economic power • Legal Tender Act (1862) • National Bank Act (1863)
More economic development! • Morrill Tariff Act (1861) • Homestead Act (1862) • Transcontinental railroad (1862 & 1864)
Lincoln’s most important act! • Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) • 1862 Lincoln signs Morrill Act providing for land-grant colleges • 1870 Cannon Act (Ohio leg.) provides for creation of Ohio A&M College • 1870 Board of Trustees first meeting; buys first land (Neil Farm) • 1871 Board of Trustees approves first curriculum • 1873 Board of Trustees broadens curriculum outside A&M • 1873 Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College first class (25) • 1874 Edward Orton, first president of Ohio A&M College • 1876 Open admission of all HS graduates resolved by faculty desperate for students • 1878 Name changed to The Ohio State University • 1878 First class of 6 graduates on June 19; 1879 first woman BS "This bill proposes to establish at least one college in every State upon a sure and perpetual foundation, accessible to all, but especially to the sons of toil, where all of needful science for the practical avocations of life shall be taught, where neither the higher graces of classical studies nor that military drill our country now so greatly appreciates will be entirely ignored, and where agriculture, the foundation of all present and future prosperity, may look for troops of earnest friends, studying its familiar and recondite economies, and at last elevating it to that higher level where it may fearlessly invoke comparison with the most advanced standards of the world.” ﾑ1862, as quoted by William Belmont Parker, The Life and Public Services of Justin Smith Morrill
Starting on p. 537 in Out of Many… • “…for the switch to a national currency was widely recognized as a major step toward centralization of economic power in the hands of the federal government.” • “This package revealed the Whig origins of many Republicans, for in essence, the measures amounted to an updated version of Henry Clay’s American System of national economic development, illustrating yet again the unstoppable nature of the market revolution. They were to have a powerful nationalizing effect, connecting ordinary people to the federal government in new ways.” • “…when the battles ended, the accumulation of strength by the federal government…was never reversed.”
Davis’s qualifications • Elected to House and Senate • Secretary of War under Franklin Pierce • Administrative experience • Military service in Mexican-American War (Or put another way: Davis was more qualified for a leadership position -- on paper -- than Lincoln!)
Davis’s political challenges • His first cabinet: • His “autonomous” style of leadership • The failure of “cotton diplomacy”
Davis’s economic challenges • Paying for the war was a disaster: -Governors at first refused to impose taxes to help pay for the war! -As a result, the South became heavily dependent on borrowing and printing money -- by 1865, inflation was 9000% (compared to 80% in the North).
