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Animal Behavior

Animal Behavior. Chapter 51. I. Behavioral Ecology. Def: The study of how specific behaviors increase reproductive success Learned behavior (nurture) – environmental and ecological basis Innate behavior (nature) – genetic and evolutionary basis

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Animal Behavior

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  1. Animal Behavior Chapter 51

  2. I. Behavioral Ecology Def: The study of how specific behaviors increase reproductive success • Learned behavior (nurture) – environmental and ecological basis • Innate behavior (nature) – genetic and evolutionary basis • Natural selection favors a behavioral phenotype • Genotypes that do not increase fitness eliminated from gene pool Play

  3. II. Types of Behavior • Instinct: Inherited, __________ behavior • FAP (_____ _____ _______): Sequence of behavior that is unchangeable and carried to completion once started • External sign stimulus triggers FAP • Ex. Stickleback fish • Ex. Greylag goose innate fixed action pattern

  4. II. Types of Behavior c) Habituation: loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information • simple form of ___________ • Ex. Sea Anemones d) Imprinting: learning that is limited to a very specific _____ _____ of an animal’s life • Irreversible • Imprinting stimulus • Ex. Salmon • Ex. Ducklings • Ex. Whooping Cranes learning critical period Play

  5. II. Types of Behavior e) Associative Learning: ability of animals to associate one stimulus w/ another • Classical Conditioning (arbitrary stimulus) • Ex. Pavlov’s Dog • Operant Conditioning (Trial and Error) • Ex. B.F. Skinner’s rats f) Observational Learning – modeling g) Spatial Learning – memory of environment’s spatial structure h) Insight – cognition and problem solving i) Prior experience helps an animal exposed to a new situation Play

  6. III. Oriented Movement • Kinesis: an undirected change in speed of an animal’s movement in response to a stimulus • Taxis: a directed movement in response to a stimulus • Migration: long-distance seasonal mvmt

  7. IV. Social Behavior Evolved to optimize individual fitness

  8. IV. Animal Signals and Communication • Important for species recognition, mating, organizing social behavior • Occurs through visual, auditory, tactile, and chemical means (pheromones)

  9. V. Social Behavior • Agnostic behavior (aggression and submission) • ritualized contests • determines who gains resources • food, mates • Can be psychological rather than physical • Establishes dominance hierarchies (pecking order and territoriality Play

  10. V. Social Behavior b) Altruistic Behavior selfless and/or sacrificial behavior that seemingly reduce the fitness of the individual… increases inclusive fitness = the fitness of relatives who share identical genes Natural selection that favors altruistic behavior = Kin Selection

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