1. Animal Behavior Orientation behaviours: Kineses Taxes

2. Environmental Stimuli • A slater retreating to a daytime crevice could be responding to the dampness, darkness or coolness. • Can experiment to determine which factors influence behaviour

3. Experiments Choice chambers offer alternative conditions Fair test - all others factors are kept the same. • Can test effect of temperature, light, humidity

4. Simple Responses - immediate surroundings Kinesesand Taxes have an immediate benefit e.g. a slater moving into a damper place.

5. TaxesMovement towards or away from a stimulus Negative = away • Positive = towards

6. Taxes Snails climb vertically upwards. Negative geotaxis

7. Taxes Mosquitoes home in on warm flesh. Positive thermotaxis

8. Taxes Blowfly maggots move rapidly away from a directional light source. Negative phototaxis

9. Positive phototaxis Positive phototaxis = movement towards the light e.g. many swimming algae

10. Positive Chemotaxis egmale moths following a pheromone trail given off by females

11. Negative Phototaxis Slime Mold The direction of the light source is indicated by white rectangles. e.g. earthworms

12. Positive chemotaxis When a capillary tube filled with glucose is placed in a medium containing E. coli, the bacteria alter their locomotion so that they congregate near the opening of the tube. Mosquitoes towards people along CO2 gradient

13. Positive rheotaxis Movement against a current e.g. salmon migrating upstream

14. Kinesis • Animals have specific needs (eg food, humidity) • No information about the location of resource? • Undirected search • Kinesis = random movement due to the presence of a stimulus. The rate of activity is determined by the intensity of the stimulus – not the direction

15. Search methods • Undirected search: animal moves in a more or less straight line through unsuitable habitat. • Directed search: when it begins to perceive better conditions (the blue area) it slows down and turns sharper angles to stay in the vicinity of the improved conditions.

16. random movements to get away slow down as animal gets further away stimulus

17. ALTERNATIVELY animal moves directly away in a straight line stimulus

18. Hydrokinesis Orthokinesis = stimulus intensity determines speed e.g. slater’s rate of movement is inversely proportional to the humidity

19. Thermokinesis Klinokinesis = stimulus intensity determines rate of turning eglice turn less often at 30° - straight line. Human skin temp is about 35° lice more likely to linger at 35°. 35 o 30 o Human body louse Orthokinesis and klinokinesis movies