Chapter 16/17 review

1. The north consisted of: California Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont Wisconsin. During the war, Nevada and West Virginia joined as new states of the Union. Tennessee and Louisiana were returned to Union military control early in the war. The territories of Colorado, Dakota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington fought on the Union side Chapter 16/17 review

2. The south consisted of: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia The border states: Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and West Virginia – these were all slave states that border states in which slavery was illegal. Keeping Maryland in the Union was important for the North because Washington, DC would be cut off from the Union. Kentucky was on both sides of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers – so for strategic reasons it was important Missouri and Delaware for it’s strategic placement to carry on a war were important. West counties of Virginia with the help of federal troops broke away from Virginia and formed the state of West Virginia and rejoined the Union All told – Union consisted of 24 states, Confederacy had 11 Chapter 16/17 review

4. Chapter 16/17 review The Union had approximately 2 million soldiers, Confederacy just under one million. All were volunteers After receiving training in drills, guard duty, digging trenches, cutting wood for fires, camp clean up – they would be assigned a regiment Civil war soldiers were often wet, muddy, cold from marching outdoors and living in crude shelters. The biggest problem was poor hygiene that resulted in widespread sickness

7. Reasons for fighting - 1861 North - To preserve the United States, end slavery, further industrial revolution South - To defend their way of life or homeland, keep slavery, keep agricultural way of life Advantages - 1861 North - Greater manpower, greater resources South - Fighting a defensive war, better leaders Disadvantages - 1861 North - Had to carry battle to enemy, longer supply lines South - Fewer resources, less manpower Military Strategy - 1861 North - Offensive – surround and strangle the South’s economy South - Defensive – Hold out until North grew tired of war Chapter 16/17 review

8. TOP FIVE REASONS FOR WAR: • Economic and social differences between the North and the South. • States versus federal rights • The fight between Slave and Non-Slave State Proponents. • Growth of the Abolition Movement. • The election of Abraham Lincoln

9. In one respect, the Union and Confederacy had the same goal - to preserve a way of life. But all similarities ended there - because both sides wanted a different way of life preserved. • Confederacy -  Its goal was to secure independence from the North and to establish an independent nation free from Northern political oppression and the repression of slavery.  The War from beginning to end would be a noble crusade for democracy for white people.  This goal was grounded firmly in the belief that the Constitution protected slavery, but the Union had denied that right.  Southerners, therefore, had the right to secede as it was the only way to defend their right to own slaves and their belief in states' rights.  • Their actions, therefore, were defensive as they had no choice but secession because of the oppressive politics of the North

10. Union - Its initial goal was to reconcile the Union, while its mid-war goal became to reunite states under a Union in which slavery was not tolerated.  The war from beginning to end would be a noble crusade for democracy for all people, not just in America, but throughout the world.  This goal was grounded firmly in the belief that the South had no right to secede from the Union and that secession was treasonous and paramount to an act of war against the Union.  • Their actions, therefore, were offensive as they had no choice but to call for troops after the firing on Fort Sumter. • As the war continued, the Confederacy's goals remained the same - BUT the Union's goal changed. • When it became clear to Lincoln that the North might lose the war and would only win with great difficulty, it became necessary to change the reason for fighting. • Freeing the slaves became that reason. Thus, the new Union goal was to retain and reshape the Union - by reuniting the states under a union that no longer tolerated slavery!

11. Ethnic groups and total population - 1861 North - Mostly Americans, but immigrants as well. African Americans at end of war South -Mostly Americans, some Native Americans  Technological advancements with explanation – 1862 North – Rifle- gun with a grooved barrel minie ball- bullet with a hollow base Ironclads-warships covered with metal South - Same as Union  Emancipation Proclamation -1863 North - Most enthusiastic; Northern Democrats, some Republicans angered South – Most whites enraged; African-Americans are elated Economic Impacts – 1863 South -Severe inflation; bread riots; new possibilities for women North -Mild inflation; new opportunities for women Chapter 16/17 review

14. Chapter 16/17 review Emancipation Proclamation was signed on January 1st, 1864. It’s purpose was to hasten the end of war. If the south lost their slaves who worked in the fields or even better rebelled – that would put an end to the Confederacy. The proclamation was signed as the president used his authority as Commander in Chief to free all slaves in the Confederacy – which abolitionist opposed because they wanted him to free all slaves. He was a strict Constitutionalist and found this acceptable under the duties of the Commander in Chief in time of war

17. Chapter 16/17 Disagreement about the war: Southerners were growing tired of the war and it’s constant sacrifices Northern Democrats (nicknamed Copperheads like the snake that was known to strike at any time) started to protest because they wanted peace. President Lincoln responded by have protesters arrested and he suspended the writ of habeas corpus (holding citizens without a trial)

19. What the act did: It allowed the president to suspend the writ of habeas corpus so long as the Civil War was ongoing. Normally, a judge would issue a writ of habeas corpus to compel a jailer to state the reason for holding a particular prisoner and, if the judge was not satisfied that the prisoner was being held lawfully, could release him. As a result of the Act, the jailer could now reply that a prisoner was held under the authority of the president and this response would suspend further proceedings in the case until the president lifted the suspension of habeas corpus or the Civil War ended.

20. Women in War - 1863 North -Plowed fields, ran farms and plantations, took jobs in offices and factories. Served as nurses and volunteers at the front. Served as spies South -Same as Union Population Costs of War - 1865 North – 360,000 dead, 275,000 wounded South -260,000 dead, 260,000 wounded Economic Costs - 1865 North -Industries in steel, petroleum, food processing, manufacturing grew South -Farms and plantations destroyed. 40% of livestock killed. 50% of farm machinery destroyed Chapter 16/17 review

24. Fort Sumter - Charleston, SC - April, 1861 Fort held by Union, Confederates surrounded fort and forced Union surrender Bull Run - Manassas, VA - July, 1861 Confederate troops stationed at Manassas had to be taken before assault on Richmond (Confederate capital). Confederates won because they fought harder. Out Of the West - Tennessee & Northern Alabama - February, 1862 Union attacked Fort Henry in Tennessee River and Fort Donaldson on Cumberland River. Union successfully captured both forts & opened entire south to Union forces. Chapter 16/17 review

26. Shiloh - Corinth, Ms - April, 1862 Thanks to Union superior supply lines fresh Union troops were ferried across the river and under Gen. Grant forced a Confederate retreat. New Orleans - New Orleans, LA - April, 1862 Admiral Farragut successful invasion of New Orleans and Union naval superiority won the day. Seven Days Battle – Richmond, VA - June 25-July 1, 1862 Thanks to Gen Jeb Stuart spying on Union forces and reporting the size of the Union armies allowed Gen. Lee to win day. Chapter 16/17 review

31. Antietam - Richmond, VA - September 1862 Gen. McClellan and Gen. Lee led troops in an all day battle to a draw. Gen. Lee withdrew to Virginia giving the Union a victory. 25,000 men dead or wounded – bloodiest day of battle in U.S. history. 4 reasons why Gen. Lee attacked in the north: 1) Confederate victory might force President Lincoln into peace talks 2) Virginia farmers would get a rest from the war during harvest season (Union would fight to retake land lost instead of attacking in Confederate land) 3) Confederates could plunder northern farms for food 4) Convince Britain & France to recognize Confederacy as a separate nation Fort Wagner - South Carolina - July, 1863 African American 54th Regiment led heroic attack on Fort Wagner and took it Chapter 16/17 review

32. These photos taken right after Antietam

33. Typical camp life.

34. Fredericksburg - Fredericksburg, VA - Dec, 1862 Union Gen. Burnside attacked Confederates in trenches, lost 12,600 men & battle Chancellorsville - Chancellorsville, VA - May, 1863 Union Gen. Hooker outnumbered Confederates 2-1 and still lost the battle Gettysburg - Gettysburg, VA - June, 1863 Cause: Confederates learned of a supply of shoes at Gettysburg. Both sides called for reinforcements. After 3 days Union finally wins after Confederacy retreats. Cost: Union lost 23,000 soldiers, Confederacy: 28,000 , Chapter 16/17 review

35. Vicksburg - Vicksburg, MS - May-July, 1863 After direct Union attacks on the town failed, Union surrounds city and after two months Confederates surrendered. Sherman’s Total War – Atlanta & Savannah, GA - March-DEC 1864 Gen. Sherman took Atlanta in September, 1864, marched on to Savannah, GA and took it in December, 1864 Appomattox - Appomattox, VA - April, 1865 Gen. Lee surrenders remaining Confederate army at Appomattox Court House. , Chapter 16/17 review