Imperialism in Asia

1. Imperialism in Asia

2. India

4. Decline of the Mongols • 1526-1712 – Mongols controlled India but declined because of weak central leaders and stronger provincial governors • War broke out between the Muslims and the Hindus • Europeans took advantage of the situation to make gains in India

5. East India Company • British trading companies competed against French • EI Co Founded in 1600 to sell Indian goods abroad • Rivalry with France and Mongol instability threatened EI Co profits and so became increasingly involved in political and military control

6. 1756 - Seven Years War gave Robert Clive (EI Co employee) opportunity to raise an army and oust the French, control the state of Bengal, and install EI Co friendly rulers • Know as mercial colonialism • Built forts and maintained a local army (sepoys) to protect interests

7. British Rule • 1857 – Sepoy Rebellion gave British government the excuse to gain direct control of India • Rumor that the bullets that the Sapoys were using were greased with beef and pork fat sparking anger among both Hindus and Muslims • British troops suppressed rebellion

8. Victoria declared Empress of India in 1877 • 1890 – 1000 British administrators ran the colonial government that controlled 280 million Indians (indirect rule) • Encouraged Indian officials to adopt European dress, religion, and customs

9. Economic Changes • Discouraged local industries that competed with Britain and pushed for raw materials • Push for cash crops caused famines that killed millions • Better communications and trade to interior (Railroads, Telegraph, Suez Canal)

10. Social Changes: • British funded medical institutions to prevent frequent epidemics • Rapid population growth as a result • British schools setup for the wealthier

11. Indian Nationalism • Occasional uprisings not uncommon but had little hope • 1885 – Middle class political party formed called the Indian National Congress • Campaigned initially for reforms but then for independence • Urged a boycott of British goods in early 1900s

12. Most famous leader was Mohandas Ghandi who would eventually get the Hindu population united against Britain • British did not taker threat seriously because Hindus and Muslims so deeply divided

13. China

15. Manchu Dynasty • Founded in 1644 and lasted until 1914 • Presided over powerful and wealthy state – West amazed • Foreign merchants had to respect Chinese customs or risk being expelled

16. 1800s - Population growth (300 million) = famine = rebellion against governments • Dynasty became corrupt as time went on (one friend of the Emperor even amassed a fortune equal to $1 billion

17. European Imperialism • Demanded and end to trade restrictions and to be treated as equals (Chinese saw themselves as the centre of civilization)

18. Opium War • Chinese became upset with the spread of opium throughout China and the loss of silver that they used to pay foreign merchants for the opium • 1839 – Chinese destroyed $6 million of opium that the British had brought to China and the British retaliated with their military

19. 1840 – Britain seized Canton and attacked other Chinese forces on the coast • Easily won because of better technology and strong navy

20. Unequal Treaties • 1842 - Treaty of Nanking forced China to compensate Britain for lost Opium, hand over Hong Kong, open more ports to trade, and accept their diplomats as equals • British also allowed to determine its own tariffs and have their own laws apply rather than China’s • Many other “unequal treaties” would follow with other European powers and Japan

21. Taiping Rebellion (1850-64) • Peasant rebellion nearly overthrows government • Emperor appeals to Europeans to help him and they do for additional concessions • Diplomats allowed to live in Peking, Opium trade legalized, more ports opened to foreign trade

22. Spheres of Influence • 1860 – Russia ceases northern China and builds Vladivostok • Japan ceases Korea, war broke out over it in 1894, Japan recognized it as independent and ceased Formosa (Taiwan)

23. Russia, German, France, and Britain each gained a sphere of influence in China and forced China to lease them land for naval bases • USA demanded the same commercial rights but prevented the colonization of China by demanding an “open door policy” to trade (could trade with spheres of influence)

24. 1900 – Boxers attacked foreigners in the north and diplomats Peking • Europeans responded by forming an international army to march on Peking • Europeans defeated Boxers and forced even more concessions from Tz’u-his • Now could have foreign troops stationed on Chinese soil and naval ships in Chinese ports.

25. Attempt at Reform • Policy of “self-strengthening” (modernization while retaining Chinese ways) • 1898 - A young Emperor attempted reforms but was imprisoned after 100 days by his wife (Tz’u-his) who was quite conservative and wanted to maintain traditional Chinese culture

26. Empress Tz’u-his faced two problems: • 1. foreign imperialism • 2. belief that the dynasty had lost their “mandate of heaven” • 1899 – secret society formed (Boxers) who wanted to free China from Manchu and foreign control • Tz’u-his helped them secretly against Europeans

27. Revolution of 1911 • 1908 - Tz’u-his dies and named two-year old Emperor to succeed her • 1911 – Emperor overthrown and a republic is declared under Dr. Sun Tat-sen who returned from the USA to found the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang)

28. Civil war broke out between the provinces • Dr. Sun Tat-sen struggled in the following years to make a strong united China despite the civil war

29. Japan - 1600 – expelled all foreigners - Only one Dutch ship allowed to come each year for trade in Nagasaki

31. Tokugawa Japan • Tokugawa shoguns (chief generals) created strong central government and feudal order • Samurai were the highest class, then the peasants, and then the merchants in the lowest class • Wealthy merchants increasingly resented low social class

32. Groups of samurai revolted against shoguns occasionally because they regarded them as having illegally seized power from the Emperor • 1850 – foreigners reappear in Japan

33. End of Isolation • 1853 – Commodore Perry (USA) sent with warships to open the Japanese ports to trade by treaty or force if necessary • Fearing an Opium War situation the Japanese signed the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) • Forced to sign some of its own “unequal treaties”

34. Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) • Opposition to treaties amongst shoguns • Samurai rallied around Emperor Kyoto and declared him restored to power • 1868 – last shogun resigned and Kyoto (15 years old) changed his name to Meiji (“enlightened government”) and moved his capital to Tokyo • Transformed from feudal system to modern industrial nation

35. Abolition of Feudalism • Leaders determined to save Japan from China’s fate by industrializing, modernizing culture, and building a modern military • Large land owners forced to give up lands to the Emperor for financial compensation and positions within the government

36. Samurai lost prestige and military power when everyone made equal before the law and universal military service (1872) • 1884 – Ito Hirobumi sent abroad to study constitutions of European powers and USA • Impressed by German constitution and modeled Japan’s off of it • 1889 - Emperor declared constitution – still in control with two house parliament (little power)

37. Borrowed economic/industrial/military ideas from abroad and hired many foreign advisors • Cooperation more important than competition so often merged factories for efficiency

38. Expansion in the Pacific • As they became more powerful the Japanese renegotiated or cancelled treaties • Fought a successful war against China (1894) gaining Korea and Formosa (Taiwan) • 1904/5 – Russo-Japanese War – first time a European power defeated by an Asian power

39. Imperialism in the South Pacific

40. Spice Trade • 1571 – Spanish conquered the Philippines in an effort to control trade routes • Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch traders drove Arab, Indian, and Chinese merchants out

41. Scramble for SE Asia • 1700s - Shift in interest from spices to cash crops cased colonization (sugar, coffee, rice) • 1800s – Dutch converted trading posts into colony of Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) and fierce competition emerged with France and Britain • Britain est colonies in Malay, Borneo, and Singapore (1820-90)

42. France est colony of French Indochina (Vietnam) • Both hoped that these colonies would be stepping stones into China • Only Siam (Thailand) escaped colonization by exploiting the French/British rivalry (buffer between two) and modernizing (like Japan)

43. Western Expansion in the Pacific • USA joined other European powers in colonization of islands in the Pacific after the Civil War and as trade with Japan and China increased (needed fueling depots) • Interest grew fast after the war with Spain to free Cuban

44. Spanish-American War in 1898 – George Dewy – seized Philippines • Seized Hawaii in 1898 as well • SE Asia became dependent on international markets as a result of colonialism (like Africa)

45. Australia and New Zealand

46. James Cook and Colonization • was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy. • three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia (commissioned to do so) and the Hawaiian Islands (where he was deified and then later killed), and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.

47. convicts (illegal to be poor in Britain) but rich resources • demand to end convicts – done in 1840 • Australia self-rule 1850, N.Z. 1852 • Women vote in 1893 (N.Z.) and 1902 (Aus) • Australia a dominion in 1901 • Statute of Westminster