Choosing Adjectivals

1. Lesson by Safrianna DeGroat Choosing Adjectivals

2. Definitions! Adjective Adjectival A phrase that modifies a noun Does not have a grammatical function • “a word that modifies a noun.” • Refers to a word class with particular characteristics (describing the noun). • This does not have a grammatical function.

3. Preheadword Modifiers The stuff that comes before your headword!

4. Determiners • Most nouns require one • A signaler that is in the opening of the noun phrase • Articles, possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, numbers, and other common words • In writing, you should give deliberate though to it

5. Determiners in Use • “The idea you had about the mission is great.” • “That idea you had about the mission is great.” • “Your idea about the mission is great.” • “Every idea you have for the mission is great.” • “His idea for the mission was great.” • “Such an idea can only be described as great.” • “An idea like that could turn out great.”

6. Selecting Determiners • When you select a determiner, you have a chance to make distinctions and help your readers move easily from one idea to the next • Demonstratives – this, that, these, those – always refer to KNOWN information; you need to be referring to something • Pronouns must clearly refer to someone to be useful • You can add headwords to make things more clear: • The engineer told me he was going to the parts shop. (vs. “He told me he was going to the parts shop.) • That fight was really tough! (vs. “That was really tough!”)

7. Adjectives and Nouns • These are the words that go between the determiners and headwords • When a noun phrase has both, the order is: • Determiner, Adjective, Noun, Headword • Sometimes we use more than one adjective: • “a fresh exciting floral scent” • “the innovative computer system”

8. COMMA RULE! • Use a comma between prenoun modifiers if it’s possible to use and. • You wouldn’t say, “The blue and embossed and book cover;” instead, it’s “The blue embossed book cover.” • Technically, “The blue, embossed book cover” is also correct by this rule.

9. Modifying prenoun adjectives • Sometimes prenoun modifiers are modified themselves: • “a highly unusual girl” • “the really important paperwork” • In these two examples, we are using a –ly adverb. We do not need to connect highly and unusual with a hyphen, or really and important. • However, sometimes an adjective or noun is used to modify another as in: • “the Basic-speaking audience” • “a four-legged beast” • In these examples, the hyphen shows us that the word preceding the hyphen modifies the following word, rather than the subject.

10. Postheadword Modifiers The stuff that comes after the headword!

11. Prepositional Phrases • The adjectival prepositional phrase is the most common postnoun modifier • Its identical to an adverbial prepositional phrase, but with a different function • It adds a distinguishing feature to the noun (it often defines “which one”) • The soldier stationed at the west outpost really knows his stuff. • The Olive Garden near the mall has really good service. • The lady with the powder pink hat is in the cook book aisle.

12. Adjective Phrases • Usually an adjective is between the determiner and noun headword • When the adjective is expanded into a phrase with qualifiers or becomes compounded, it can occupy a position after the headword where its set off by commas • “The hot, tired Boy Scouts trudged the last mile to their campsites.” vs. “The Boy Scouts, hot and tired, trudged the last mile to their campsite.”

13. Participle Phrases • This is a versatile type of adjectival where a verb phrase is headed by the present or past participle form of a verb • “The helicopter hovering over the roof frightened the dogs.” • Note that it resembles a sentence, but lacks an auxiliary (“The helicopter is hovering over the roof). • Pronoun participles are a single word – the verb has no complements or modifiers: • “Our snoring visitor kept the house away.” “The barking dog next door drives us crazy.” • Moving participles are when you move a patriciple to the beining, but only if it modifies the subject, and is set off by commas. • “Looking out the window, my mother waved to me.” “Laughing uproariously, the audience stood and applauded.” • Dangling participles change the focus of the sentence, but can only open or close the sentence if it modifies the subject. A participle modifies its own subject; so a dangling participle is a verb without a subject. • “Carrying all of our supplies for miles, the campground was a welcome sight.”

14. Relative Clauses • A relative clause or adjective clause is a structure with a subject and predicate, enabling the writer to put an entire subject-predicate idea into a noun phrase. • A participle phrase is really only a shortened version of a relative clause. • “The helicopter that is hovering over the roof frightened the dogs.” • A relative clause does not have the participle’s ability to be moved around. It follows its noun. • Relative pronoun who – who (subjective), whose (possessive) and whom (objective) • “The girl whose notes I borrowed wasn’t here today.”

15. The Broad-Reference Clause It’s broad!

17. Punctuation of Phrases and Clauses Punctuation: It can be really fun! Conversely, it can be quite complex – as you will soon see.

19. The Royal Order of Adjectives This is a basic order you should strive to put your adjectives in. It is what comes naturally to us when we do describe things.