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Renewable Energy Integration

Renewable Energy Integration. The Only Real Sensible Approach  optimize resources at the regional level. Overarching Concerns. Current and future sources of energy

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Renewable Energy Integration

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  1. Renewable Energy Integration The Only Real Sensible Approach  optimize resources at the regional level

  2. Overarching Concerns • Current and future sources of energy • What’s best in terms of most efficient combination of capital cost, land use, ecological footprint, material use and jobs created • Distributed Generation and how to achieve it • How to improve the Grid to better incorporate renewables • Local Energy Storage is critical  need new storage technologies

  3. And if we require continued Fossil Fuel usage as transport fuel then • Alternatives to conventional Crude Oil must be used • These alternatives will do incredible environmental damage due to the great inefficiency involved in extracting a barrel of oil. • And of course, Coal remains the choice for producing the bulk of electricity

  4. Tar Sands http://www.protectowire.com/applications/profiles/electric_shovels.htm http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2005/05may/dinning.cfm

  5. Oil Shale http://nandotimes.nandomedia.com/ips_rich_content/896-shale_rock.jpg http://geosurvey.state.co.us/Default.aspx?tabid=104

  6. Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant

  7. CO2 Mitigation Options http://www.netl.doe.gov

  8. Carbon Sequestration Options http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/energy.html

  9. Ocean Sequestration http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-carb-bish.html

  10. Nuclear Energy Consumption – a green alternative to fossil emission? – but timescale to build and license new facility is 12-15 years (US)! – Global Growth Scenarios are uncertain

  11. Future Electricity Demand: Nukes make up 12%: Fossils 74% 4 TW Net in 2030 = about 8 TW produced

  12. Wind Energy

  13. US Wind Energy Generation Good Trajectory but still only 2.4% of US Nameplate Capacity

  14. > 200 MW Wind farms

  15. 2003 1.8 MW 350’ 2000 850 kW 265’ Recent Capacity Enhancements 2006 5 MW 600’

  16. Costs Nosedive  Wind’s Success 38 cents/kWh 3.5-5.0 cents/kWh Levelized cost at good wind sites in nominal dollars, not including tax credit

  17. Solar Energy Solar Centre at Baglan Energy Park in South Wales http://www.c-a-b.org.uk/projects/tech1.htm

  18. Large Scale Solar – Land Use Issues http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel

  19. US Installed Solar PV Approximately 15 times less than wind!

  20. Wimpy wimpywimpy

  21. But proposed CSP is better

  22. But main growth is wind

  23. Oceanic Energy

  24. “Mighty Whale” Design – Japan The prototype dimensions were chosen to be 50 m (Length) X 30 m (Breadth) X 12 m (Depth). The design called for it to float at even keel at a draft of 8 m. The overall rated power capacity was set at 110 kW. http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/

  25. Ocean Wave Conversion System http://www.sara.com/energy/WEC.html

  26. Geothermal Energy Plant Geothermal energy plant in Iceland http://www.wateryear2003.org/en/

  27. Methods of Heat Extraction http://www.geothermal.ch/eng/vision.html

  28. Global Geothermal Sites http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/umwelt/img/geothe.jpg

  29. Methane Landfill emissions could produce electricity Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

  30. Hydrogen Economy Schematic

  31. Transporting Hydrogen

  32. One Transition Plan UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONINTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES http://www.unido-ichet.org/ICHET-transition.php

  33. Distributed Generation as the New Power Grid

  34. Vehicle to Grid is part of Smart Grid Technology as well

  35. Centralized vs. Distributed Generation http://www.nfcrc.uci.edu/fcresources/FCexplained/stationary.htm

  36. Central Power Generation (today) • Remote, Large, Expensive • Long Distance Delivery • Fossil Fuel Plants • Waste Heat • Environment Unfriendly (Co2) • Health Unfriendly (Nox, So2, Pm10, Hg) • Nuclear Plants • Waste Disposal • Hydroelectric Plants • Flooding • Unreliable (2000-2003) • 110 Grid Failures • Cost $80-123 B./Yr • Adds 29-45% To Electric Bill http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

  37. Distributed Generation • Located next to user • Capacity kw –Mw in renewables • Economic benefits • “Waste” heat used • Lowers fossil fuel use • Low investment • Power failure losses eliminated • Environmental/ health costs reduced • Grid costs – peak/capital • Lower electric bills   • Flexibility of location • Cogeneration • Combined heat & power (CHP) • Micropower http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

  38. Sources of DG • Solar – photovoltaic and thermal • Wind Turbines • Hydroelectric (large scale and micro) • Geothermal • Oceanic • Nuclear • Fossil Fuels • Combined Heat & Power (CHP) http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

  39. Microturbines • Low to moderate initial capital cost • Fuel flexibility, • burn either gaseous (natural gas, propane, biogases, oil-field flared gas) or liquid fuels (diesel, kerosene) • Heat released from burning the fuel also providing heating and cooling needs (CHP • Extremely low air emissions • NOx, CO, and SOx • Continuous operating even during brownout or blackout A cutaway of a microturbine; 30 and 60-kilowatt units have just one moving part – a shaft that turns at 96,000 rpm.

  40. Microturbine Systems http://www.cleanenergyresourceteams.org/microturbines.html http://www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/esb/2001/01Jun/microturbine.htm

  41. Micro-Hydro http://www.itdg.org/?id=micro_hydro_expertise http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs46.htm

  42. Summary • Solutions Exist both on small scale and very large scale • We do not really have an energy crisis – we do have an energy by fossil fuel crisis • Transition requires leadership and courage and commitment – a true test of humanity as a global entity. • OTEC, Wind, Small Scale Solar, Snakes, Dragons, Hydrogen Production represents solution space

  43. Summary 2 • We must approach an equivalent fuel economy of 50 mpg for any technology • We must enable the smart grid to truly manage electricty use better • Conservation and reduced consumption remain our best hope to have a future

  44. Summary 3 • Post WW II conspicuous consumption and consumer capitalism has clearly burst • We may be evolving globally away from conspicuous consumption and towards necessary consumption • Further evolution takes one to sustainability • But what is the timescale to evolve from necessary consumption to sustainability?

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