Chapter 13: The Urinary System

1. Chapter 13: The Urinary System

2. Chapter Objectives • Urinary tract and the flow of urine through the body. • Kidney and the urinary bladder. • Nephron, its portions and how each functions in urine formation. • Relationship between the kidney and the blood circulation. • Roots pertaining to the urinary system. • Major disorders of the urinary system. • Medical terms commonly used in reference to urinary system. • Abbreviations used in reference to the urinary system.

3. Key TermsNormal Structure and Function

4. Key TermsNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

5. Key TermsNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

6. Key TermsNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

7. Key TermsDisorders

8. Key TermsDisorders (cont’d)

9. Key TermsDisorders (cont’d)

10. Key TermsDiagnosis and Treatment

11. Key TermsDiagnosis and Treatment (cont’d)

12. Key TermsSurgery

13. Supplementary TermsNormal Structure and Function

14. Urinary System • Function = to form and eliminate urine; regulates composition, volume, pH of body fluid • Consists of: • Two kidneys • Organs of excretion • Regulate body fluids’ composition, volume, and pH • Produces erythropoietin • Produces renin • Two ureters • Urinary bladder • Urethra

15. Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions

16. Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)

17. Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)

18. Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)

19. Supplementary TermsDiagnosis

20. Supplementary TermsTreatment

21. Abbreviations

22. Abbreviations (cont’d)

23. Male Urinary System

24. Roots for the Kidney

25. The Kidneys • Located behind peritoneum in lumbar region • Adrenal glands rest on top • Encased in fibrous connective tissue overlaid with fat • Additional layer of connective tissue supports and anchors kidney • Outer region = renal cortex • Inner region = renal medulla

26. The Kidney

27. The Nephrons • Microscopic working units of kidneys • Coiled tubule folded into various shapes • Bowman capsule at beginning of tubule • Cup-shaped • Part of blood-filtering device of nephron • Tubule folds into proximal convoluted tubule • Straightens to form loop of Henle • Coils into distal convoluted tubule • Straightens again to form collecting tubule

28. Blood Supply to the Kidney • Towards kidney, blood: • Enters through renal artery • Is brought to glomerular capsule (Bowman’s) • Then circulates through glomerulus • Away from kidney • Vessels merge into renal vein • Empty into inferior vena cava

29. Urine Formation • Blood pressure forces material through glomerular wall and capsule, into nephron • Glomerular filtrate consists of: • Water • Electrolytes • Soluble wastes • Nutrients • Toxins

30. Urine Formation (cont’d) • Urea = main waste material (byproduct of protein metabolism) • Waste material and toxins need to be eliminated • Water, electrolytes, nutrients returned to blood • Remaining fluid is urine • Adjusted by pituitary hormone ADH

31. Removal of Urine • Urine • Drained from renal pelvis • Carried by ureter to urinary bladder before release • Urethra • Expulses urine when bladder muscle contracts • Sphincters • Regulate urination • Upper has involuntary function • Lower functions under conscious control

32. Interior of Urinary Bladder

33. Clinical Aspects of the Urinary System • Infections of urinary tract • Organisms usually enter through urethra and produce cystitis • Usually colon bacteria in feces • UTI’s more common in females

34. Clinical Aspects of the Urinary System (cont’d) • Infections of kidney and renal pelvis • Pyelonephritis • Symptoms include: • Dysuria • Bacteriuria • Pyuria • Urethritis • Inflammation of urethra • Associated with sexually transmitted diseases

35. Glomerulonephritis • Inflammation of kidney and glomeruli • Specifically occurs after immunologic reaction • Usually response to infection in another system • Symptoms: hypertension, edema, oliguria (passage of small amounts of urine)

36. Glomerulonephritis (cont’d) • Damage to kidney tissue • Blood and proteins escape into nephrons • Causes: hematuria, Proteinuria, Casts • May lead to: chronic renal failure, end-stage renal disease, uremia

37. Nephrotic Syndrome • Glomeruli become overly permeable and allow loss of proteins • Marked by proteinuria and hypoproteinemia • Affects capillary exchange • Results in edema • Liver releases lipoproteins

38. Acute Renal Failure • May result from damage to nephrons caused by: • Injury • Shock • Exposure to toxins • Infections • Other renal disorders • Rapid loss of kidney function • May lead to dialysis or transplantation

39. Dialysis • Hemodialysis = Cleansing of blood • Passed over membrane surrounded by dialysate to remove unwanted substances • Peritoneal dialysis = fluids introduced to peritoneal cavity • Periodically withdrawn with waste products • Process repeated

40. Urinary Stones • Called urinary lithiasis • Formed of calcium salts • May result from: dehydration, infection, abnormal urine pH, urinary stasis, metabolic imbalances • Result in extreme pain

41. Urinary Stones (cont’d) • Can cause: • Obstruction that can promote infection • Hydronephrosis • Stone removal • May pass on own • Surgically • Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy • Via endoscope

42. Cancer • Linked to: • Chemicals • Parasitic infections • Cigarette smoking • Key symptom is sudden, painless hematuria • Viewed or biopsy done with cystoscope

43. Cancer (cont’d) • Cystectomy may be required if tumor removal not effective • Other diagnosing processes: • Ultrasound • Computed tomography scans • Intravenous urography

44. Urinalysis • Simple, widely-used diagnosing process • Urine examined and tested for: • Color • Turbidity • Specific gravity • pH level • Chemical components • Cells, crystals, or casts

45. Roots for the Urinary Tract(Except the Kidney)

46. Pretest The organ that forms urine is the : (a) gallbladder (b) cystic duct (c) bladder (d) kidney

47. Pretest The organ that forms urine is the : (a) gallbladder (b) cystic duct (c) bladder (d) kidney

48. Pretest • The tube that carries urine out of the body is the: (a) pylorus (b) appendix (c) urethra (d) peristalsis

49. Pretest • The tube that carries urine out of the body is the: (a) pylorus (b) appendix (c) urethra (d) peristalsis

50. Pretest • The hormone erythropoietin stimulates production of: (a) red blood cells (b) platelets (c) leukocytes (d) saliva