Infrastructure Interdependencies Overview Paula L. Scalingi, Ph.D.

1. Infrastructure Interdependencies Overview Paula L. Scalingi, Ph.D. Executive Director, Bay Area Center for Regional Disaster Resilience Bay Area Regional Disaster Resilience Action Plan Initiative Infrastructure Interdependencies Workshop I January 31, 2012

2. Why Infrastructure Interdependencies Are Fundamental to Disaster Resilience • Highly complex and difficult to address—outside organizational control • A major determinant of vulnerabilities, consequences, what is critical and risk • Have significant implications for prevention, protection, preparedness, mitigation, response/recovery and long-term restoration • Extend well beyond a region, crossing state, national, and international borders 2

3. Critical Infrastructures & Service Providers That Underpin Health/Safety, the Economy & Society • Energy (electric power, natural gas, fuels) • Transportation Systems (all modes) • Banking and Finance (includes insurance) • Chemical • Postal and Shipping • National Monuments and Icons and Tourism* • Agriculture/Food • Commercial Nuclear Reactors • Dams and Levees • Water and Waste water • Healthcare/Public Health • Emergency Services and Law Enforcement • Defense Industrial Base • Information Technology • Telecommunications • Manufacturing • Government Facilities • Commercial Facilities • Community Institutions/Social Services* • People* * Not included in the critical infrastructures defined in the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP)

4. Interdependencies Fundamentals Interdependencies operate at multiple levels Facilities and assets Networks (physical, cyber) End-to-end systems Communities, regions, and states Between states and multi-state Cross-national border, global Can cause cascading failures with significant public health and safety, economic, environmental, and national security impacts Can impede emergency response and recovery 4

5. System of Systems Approach Needed for Understanding Interdependencies Graphic:Argonne National Laboratory Infrastructure Assurance Center 5

6. Types of Infrastructure Interdependencies Natural Gas Pipeline into Electric Power Plant • Physical (e.g., output of one infrastructure used by another) • Cyber (e.g., electronic, informational linkages) • Geographic (e.g., common corridor) • Logical (e.g., dependency through financial markets) Pipeline & Highway 6

7. Types of Interdependency Failures • Cascading failure – a disruption or unavailable product or service in one infrastructure or organization causes a disruption in a second • Escalating failure – a disruption in one infrastructure exacerbates, or impedes recovery of an independent disruption elsewhere • Common cause failure – disruption of two or more assets simultaneously because of co-location (e.g., right-of-way corridor) 7

8. Types of Disasters and Disruptions Natural Disasters Wildfires Drought Major flood Tornado Earthquake Hurricane Heat wave Wind, dust, and ice storms Manmade Cyber disruption or attack Fuel disruptions – Shortages, price spikes Technological disasters Physical attacks Weapons of Mass Destruction (Chemical, biological, or radiological) Aging, deteriorating infrastructure The “Black Swan” Event—the unexpected disaster 8

9. Some Examples of Interdependencies Challenges • Southwest Blackout – September 2011 • Blackout of 7 million people in western Arizona, southern California, and parts of Mexico • Outage knocked out traffic lights, causing gridlock on the roads in San Diego area • Nearly 3.5 million gallons of sewage spilled into the water off San Diego, closing beaches • San Diego Wildfires – October 2007 • Series of wildfires that began burning across Southern California on October 20 • Many major roads closed as a result of fires and smoke • Communication equipment and electric lines destroyed • Necessitated power imports from Mexico to sustain the grid • Los Angeles Region and Broader Western Windstorms – December, 2011 • Severe damage and destruction • Power outage, including at Los Angeles International Airport diverted flights • Damaging high winds extended into other regions of the West--tractor-trailer trucks were tipped over by crosswind gusts north of Salt Lake City 9

10. In Sum, What We Need to Do to Deal with Interdependencies • Need to identify: • What threats and impacts are of greatest concern • Assets and services that, if destroyed, damaged, or disrupted, could adversely affect other systems or services • Under normal and stressed operations, and during recovery and restoration • How interdependencies change with the length of a disruption, outage frequency, and other factors • How backup systems or other mitigation measures can reduce interdependence problems and create resilience • Interconnections between critical infrastructures and community assets and services 10

11. What We Need to Do to Deal with Interdependencies Take a Comprehensive, Collaborative Approach--which is what the Bay Area Regional Resilience Initiative is Designed to Do For organizations, communities, and regions Requires individual and collective efforts Includes: prevention, protection, vulnerability assessment, mitigation, response/recovery, restoration, training, exercises, education Focus on all-hazards—physical, cyber, chemical, biological/pandemics, radiological threats and disruptions, aging and deteriorating infrastructures, natural disasters, systems failure, and human error) Information sharing essential 11

12. Where We are in Our Bay AreaRegional Disaster Resilience Initiative We Have: • Identified and convened the Bay Area Resilience Coalition and stakeholder Work Group • Conducted two workshops to explore resilience challenges, identify focus areas and priority issues, and now examine interdependencies • Have our gap analysis of current resilience needs underway • Developed an initial draft Action Plan framework Yet to Do • Will simultaneously start planning a regional tabletop exercise and Interdependencies Workshop II focusing on remaining infrastructures/service providers • Hold a post-exercise Action Planning Workshop • Develop and coordinate the regional resilience Action Plan • Develop the implementation strategy to determine project requirements, milestones, funding and other assistance

13. Questions for Today’s WorkshopBreakout Session 1 Looking at past disruptions of energy, water, transportation, and communications/IT systems from disasters and other causes, what were some of the infrastructure interdependencies challenges you saw as the most significant? How would your organization get information to assess the impacts of these disruptions on its service providers, in terms of the magnitude and duration? Which agencies or organizations would you expect to be able to provide this information; how and how soon? What role do you believe utilities and other private sector stakeholders should play with local, state, and federal agencies in recovery efforts to restore services? How is movement of utility restoration resources (personnel and materials) into and out of regions — including cross-state—handled and how would these decisions be made? How are recovery and restoration decisions made when they involve interconnected infrastructures and local, state, and federal governments, infrastructure operators, businesses, community institutions and social services?

14. Questions for Breakout Session 2 on Interdependencies Questions for Breakout Session 2 • What dependencies and interdependencies does your organization have with other infrastructures and service providers with focus on those that are of greatest concern? • What is your organization is doing to address interdependencies challenges? • What are priority gaps your organization faces related to gaining information and awareness on, and mitigating potential interdependencies-related impacts affecting disaster recovery • What actions or activities do you feel should be undertaken to address these gaps • What is the level of your organizational dependencies on utilities, transportation, and communications and IT?