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Our Mission

New Sky Energy. Our Mission. To create profitable carbon negative energy and manufacturing strategies by capturing and converting CO 2 into valuable chemicals and products. New Sky Energy Technical Team Deane Little, PhD Tim Heffernan, MS Joe Kosmoski, PhD Ron Larson, PhD, EE

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Our Mission

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  1. New Sky Energy Our Mission To create profitable carbon negative energy and manufacturing strategies by capturing and converting CO2 into valuable chemicals and products.

  2. New Sky Energy Technical Team Deane Little, PhD Tim Heffernan, MS Joe Kosmoski, PhD Ron Larson, PhD, EE Al Hislop, MS, EE Joel Leventhal, PhD Gordon Little, PhD Business Development Team Scott Kothlow Mike Ashford David Bingaman www.newskyenergy.com

  3. Science and Policy Advisory Board Frank Barnes, NAE, CU Fred Glover, NAE, CU Gordon Little, NAE, NOAA Ron Larson, NREL (SERI), CRES Kevin Doran, CEES, CU Adam Reed, CEES, CU CU: University of Colorado NAE: National Academy of Engineering NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration CEES: Center for Energy and Environmental Security NREL/ SERI: National Renewable Energy Lab, Solar Energy Research Institute CRES: Colorado Renewable Energy Society

  4. New Sky Energy Clean, carbon negative energy NSE Process Renewable, carbon negative hydrogen Safe, profitable atmospheric CO2 trapping CONFIDENTIAL

  5. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH): A safe, effective trapping agent for CO2 and acid gases. CO2 Capture: CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 Na2CO3 Flue Gas Desulfurization: SO2 + NaOH NaHSO3 Na2SO3 NaOH (Baking soda) (Soda ash) NaOH

  6. Traditional Electrochemical Industries Energy Inefficient and CO2 Polluting Water Electrolysis H2O  H2 + ½ O2 • Water electrolysis • Produces hydrogen from water • Energetically expensive • Produces only hydrogen and oxygen • With fossil fuel energy, produces more CO2 than it saves • The Chloralkali Method • Produces hydroxide base • Energetically expensive • Large CO2 footprint • Produces toxic chlorine Chloralkali Method of Base Production NaCl + H2O  NaOH +½ H2 + ½ Cl2

  7. The Chloralkali Process Concentrated NaOH + H2 Cl2 Cathode Anode NaOH H2 Na+ Na+ NaOH Na+ Na+ Na+ Cl2 2Cl- Na+ Nafion CEM Dilute NaOH NaCl

  8. New Sky Innovation CONFIDENTIAL Anode: 2H20  4e- + 02 + 4H+ Cathode: 4H20 + 4e-  4OH- + 2H2 Carbon capture and carbon negative manufacturing New Sky’s process splits water to form hydrogen, oxygen, acid and base. The primary products are valuable commodities; hydroxide base can be used to trap CO2 from the air or gas streams. 1 Kg Hydrogen = 40 Kg NaOH = 44 Kg Trapped CO2

  9. 3-chamber Salt Splitting Concentrated NaOH + H2 Concentrated H2SO4 +O2 Cathode Anode NaOH Na+ H2 Na+ Na+ SO4- SO4- Na+ NaOH Na+ SO4- SO4- Na+ Na+ SO4- SO4- SO4- Nafion CEM AEM Dilute H2SO4 + Dilute NaOH Na2SO4

  10. New Sky CO2 Trapping NaOH Flue gas or air CO2-free air NSE Products NaHCO3 Base Acid Hydrogen Oxygen NSE Process

  11. New Sky Prototype in Operation Concentrated acid (R) and base (L) are produced in a simple flow-through design. CONFIDENTIAL

  12. New Sky: A Simple Solar Prototype Using simple materials and a 12 watt solar panel, a simple New Sky prototype generates pH 2 acid and pH 12 base within seconds.

  13. New Sky’s primary outputs are valuable base commodities CONFIDENTIAL Dollars per kilogram of hydrogen produced NSE’s primary products are worth much more than the renewable electricity required to produce them. Recent global price increases have dramatically improved already favorable financial projections.

  14. New Sky’s Carbon Negative Strategy CO2 Trapping and Carbon Negative Manufacturing New Sky Primary Products • Hydroxide base, an NSE primary product: • Traps CO2 from the air or gas streams as sodium bicarbonate, a safe, stable solid. • Carbonate or CO2 can be converted into a variety of valuable carbon-based materials. • Sale of these products subsidizes renewable fuel production. Hydrogen Oxygen Base Acid NaOH + CO2 Carbonates/CO2/CO  C-negative products CONFIDENTIAL

  15. Trapping a ton of carbon dioxide: New Sky’s approach CONFIDENTIAL • Costs: • Energy input $105 • Sodium sulfate $144* • Revenues: • Hydrogen $84* • Oxygen $23* • Acid $316* • NaHCO3 (1 ton CO2) $1072* -$249 + $1495 * Bulk prices, October 2008 + $1246 Total: NSE technology makes trapping a ton of atmospheric CO2 profitable, even using conservative cost and energy assumptions.

  16. Sequestering CO2 Safe, natural storage vs. an expensive underground gamble CONFIDENTIAL New Sky vs. The Competition Traditional carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) strategies are unproven, expensive and certain to encounter public resistance. Underground CO2 storage? NSE’s CO2 capture process creates sodium bicarbonate, a safe, carbon negative commodity. It and products made from it have large global markets. Volume ratio of CO2 to NaHCO3: 560:1

  17. Carbon Negative Manufacturing What can we do with carbonate / CO2? Carbonate Carbon dioxide Building materials Paving materials Cement Plastics filler Limestone, potash Baking soda Plastics and polymers Carbon fiber C-neutral fuels Fertilizers Solvents

  18. Advantages of New Sky Energy CO2 Capture vs. CCS New SkyIGCC / CCS Risk LowHigh Cost ModerateHigh Time to market FastSlow Investment LowBillions InfrastructureRenewable Pump and dump Stage of Development EarlyEarly NSE outscores conventional CCS strategies in cost, risk and time to market.

  19. Carbon neutral chemical products New Sky Base Acid Oxygen Hydrogen CO2 Carbon negative products Polymers, carbon fiber, urea, resins, organic chemicals, fabrics, fuels Baking soda Soda ash Lime Potash Carbonate Carbonate based products: Filled plastics, road base, cement, dry wall, bricks

  20. Potential early stage customers • Industrial Processor in Mid West • Client buys 50 tons of NaOH daily ($15 million per year) • Flue gas desulfurization waste stream: 150,000 gallons of 10% sodium sulfate per day • New Sky’s task: Convert client’s waste stream into NaOH and sulfuric acid they buy • Agricultural water company • Millions of gallons of well water too salty for irrigation • Biofuels client needs large amounts of hydrogen and oxygen. • New Sky process may convert waste salt into valuable products.

  21. Socolow and Pacala Wedge Model: Global automotive sector Relative to traditional renewable hydrogen, NSE technology can nearly quadruple CO2 savings in the global automotive fleet.

  22. The problem with “carbon neutral” Any carbon neutral renewable energy must fully displace the fossil fuel economy to reduce CO2 emissions to zero. Annual CO2 emissions 5.11 billion tons hydrogen Renewable hydrogen (percent of economy) Conclusion: Carbon neutral energy technologies cannot reduce CO2 emissions to zero. Any fossil fuel usage creates positive emissions.

  23. New Sky: Carbon negative energy NSE’s carbon negative technology can eliminate global CO2 emissions without disrupting the current energy economy… a safe, financially viable strategy to reverse global warming. CONFIDENTIAL Annual CO2 emissions NSE hydrogen, % of economy 592 million tons NSE hydrogen Zero CO2 emissions Active CO2 trapping and hydrogen production allows NSE to reduce global CO2 emissions to zero with less than 20% impact on the current energy economy.

  24. New Sky Patents: • Electrochemical Methods to Generate Hydrogen and Sequester Carbon Dioxide US Patent Application • Electrochemical Apparatus to Generate Hydrogen and Sequester Carbon Dioxide  US Patent Application    • Renewable Energy System for Hydrogen Production and Carbon Dioxide Capture US Patent Application • Electrochemical System, Apparatus and Method to Generate Renewable Hydrogen and Sequester Carbon Dioxide  • International PCT Patent Application • Use of Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting to Generate Materials for Sequestering Carbon Dioxide International PCT Patent Application CONFIDENTIAL

  25. Summary • New Sky’s technology: • Safely captures and sequesters CO2 from the air or gas streams and converts captured CO2 to valuable carbon based products • Generates renewable hydrogen as an inexpensive by-product of a carbon negative process • Replaces energy inefficient, polluting processes with clean renewable technologies • Subsidizes renewable hydrogen production through sales of carbon-negative products CONFIDENTIAL

  26. New Hydrogen Economy Carbon Neutral Urea / Ammonia Production Storing Renewable Energy as Hydrogen Reduction in Gas Turbine Emissions High Purity Oxygen Sales Oxyfuel Combustion Use in Emission Control Systems Hydrogen Production Oxygen Production New Sky Energy Primary Markets Hydroxide Base Production Acid Production CO2 Capture from Air CO2 Capture from Gas Streams Use in Emission Control Systems Industrial Processing Industrial Processing Phosphate Manufacturing Mineral Based CO2 Capture Hydrogen Production CONFIDENTIAL

  27. Cost to manufacture a kilogram of hydrogen $2.97 Assumptions: Both processes use renewable electricity at 7 cents per KWh. Capital costs not included but likely to be similar or slightly higher for New Sky. Electricity per kilogram hydrogen: Conventional: 53 KWh/Kg (NREL, 2007) New Sky: 100 KWh/Kg Conventional electrolysis produces H2 and O2. New Sky C-negative electrolysis produces H2, O2, sulfuric acid (49 Kg) and sodium bicarbonate (84 Kg). Current bulk prices: Hydrogen: $4/Kg, oxygen: $0.14/Kg, sodium bicarbonate: $616/MT, sulfuric acid: $280/MT H2 manufacturing cost is total process cost x net share of total revenue for hydrogen. $0.79 New Sky’s valuable co-products subsidize clean hydrogen production.

  28. CO2 savings: New Sky vs. conventional clean hydrogen Assumptions: 1 Kg hydrogen powers a hydrogen car 50 miles, saving 2 gallons of gasoline. Each gallon of gasoline creates 19.5 pounds of CO2 when burned. Both conventional and New Sky hydrogen save 39 pounds of CO2 per Kg hydrogen. New Sky process also traps 97 pounds of CO2 from the air or gas stream, the CO2 equivalent of 5 gallons of gasoline. Combined CO2 savings and trapping by New Sky process equals 136 pounds per kilogram of hydrogen. Conventional renewable hydrogen saves only 39 pounds of CO2. As transportation fuel, both New Sky and conventional renewable hydrogen save CO2 by reducing gasoline usage. New Sky process also traps large amounts of CO2, creating sodium bicarbonate, a valuable commodity chemical. CONFIDENTIAL

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