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Question of the Day Jan 21

Question of the Day Jan 21. Crossing of dissimilar individuals is known as A. genetic engineering B. inbreeding C. hybridization D. sequencing. DO NOW Jan 21. Recall the lac operon. Draw a diagram of the lac operon in your notes. How is the lac operon expressed?.

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Question of the Day Jan 21

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  1. Question of the Day Jan 21 Crossing of dissimilar individuals is known as A. genetic engineering B. inbreeding C. hybridization D. sequencing

  2. DO NOW Jan 21 Recall the lac operon. Draw a diagram of the lac operon in your notes. How is the lac operon expressed?

  3. PROGRESS REPORTS Due Tomorrow – Wed Jan 22 Keep up the GREAT WORK!!! We are always striving to do better!

  4. AGENDA Jan 21 BIG Question: How do various breeding strategies benefit humans? 1. Question and DO NOW 2. HOMEWORK – DNA Molecules 3. The TRP operon 4. Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering 5. Review and Homework

  5. Chapter 13: Genetic Engineering

  6. The TRP Operon • The trp operon is also found in E. coli and other organisms. • Trp is tryptophan – an amino acid • coded by UGG • It is regulated so that when tryptophan is present in the environment, the operon is turned off.

  7. TRP operon When tryptophan is not present in the cell’s environment, the trp operon is expressed. When tryptophan is present in high levels, a conformation change occurs in the trp-repressor. Tryptophan binds to the repressor Repressor binds operator Operon is turned off

  8. Question of the Day Jan 22 Crossing individuals with similar characteristics so these characteristics continue to appear in offspring is known as A. genetic engineering B. inbreeding C. hybridization D. electrophoresis

  9. DO NOW Jan 22 Researchers will often induce mutations in specific types of organisms. How would researchers be able to cause mutations in an organism? What is the ultimate goal of producing these mutations?

  10. DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 22 Most mutations are harmful. On rare occasions, a beneficial mutation will appear and provide an organism with a characteristic not present in other members of its species. Radiation and chemicals The ultimate goal in all species is Genetic Variation  Survival

  11. AGENDA Jan 22 BIG Question: How do various breeding strategies benefit humans? 1. Question and DO NOW 2. HOMEWORK – DNA Molecules DUE FRIDAY Jan 24 3. Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering 4. Review and Homework

  12. 13-1: Changing the Living World • Humans use selective breeding to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms. • Takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variations in plants, animals, and other organisms. • Nearly all domestic animals have been produced this way. • Horses, cats, farm animals, and crop plants • Every breed of dog is still the same species. • What does this mean? • Have been bred for thousands of years • Better hunters, retrievers, companions • Many phenotypic variations, behaviors, and levels of intelligence

  13. Question of the Day Jan 23 All of the following are acceptable reasons to perform selective breeding except A. medical research B. environmental cleanups C. protein synthesis D. producing the “perfect” human being

  14. DO NOW Jan 23 You wish to breed flowers that have a long stem and purple flowers. The flowers available in your greenhouse are… Long and red, short and purple, short and red, long and yellow, short and blue, long and blue Which cross or crosses would give you the best chance of success? What factors should you consider?

  15. DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 23 Breeding the long/red with the long/blue will give you long stemmed flowers. It may also give you purple flowers. You can then cross this offspring with the short/purple flowers. Factors – Dominant traits for height and color Do these plants exhibit codominance or incomplete dominance? Are any of the plants purebred/hybrids?

  16. AGENDA Jan 23 • BIG Question: How do various breeding strategies benefit humans? • 1. Question and DO NOW • 2. HOMEWORK – DNA Molecules DUE FRIDAY Jan 24 • 3. Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering • Homework Check 13-1 Guided Reading • 4. Review and Homework

  17. 13-1: Changing the Living World • Breeding strategies • selective: selecting a few individuals to serve as parents for the next generation • hybridization: a cross between dissimilar individuals • Best traits of both parents • Often stronger/hardier than parents • Combine disease resistance of one parent with food producing capacity of the other parent.

  18. Breeding Strategies inbreeding: crossing individuals with similar characteristics so those characteristics will appear in the offspring mutagens: agents, such as radiation and chemicals, which lead to mutations

  19. A Zonkey!?! Zebroid – cross between a zebra and an equine. Charles Darwin recorded several of these animals in his travels during the mid 1800s Mule – cross between a male donkey and a female horse More patient, sure-footed, and longer-lived than a horse Faster and more intelligent than donkeys

  20. New Kinds of Organisms • Bacteria • Able to treat millions of bacteria with radiation or chemicals at the same time. • Medical and environmental applications. • Plants • Drugs used to prevent chromosomal separation during meiosis. • Polyploidy very useful in plants. • Often fatal in animals • Crop plants

  21. EXAMPLES • Gamma Radiation has produced • Virus resistant strains of cocoa bean trees • Disease resistance bean plants • Red grapefruit and compounds found within it greatly assist in the absorption of medicinal drugs • Mutant strain of Dwarf rice that produces 4 times the yield of rice and its shorter height means it is less likely to fall over causing spoilage.

  22. Question of the Day Jan 24 Which statement is true about inbreeding? A. Produces dissimilar organisms B. Parent organisms have different traits C. All of the offspring will be stronger than the parents D. Offspring will be more susceptible to illness and health risks

  23. DO NOW Jan 24 Watch the following video clip. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWur8Rbc3hc IN YOUR NOTEBOOKS… What is EUGENICS? Do you agree or disagree with the principles of EUGENICS? Explain your answer.

  24. AGENDA Jan 24 • BIG Question: How do various breeding strategies benefit humans? • 1. Question and DO NOW • 2. HOMEWORK – DNA Molecules TODAY • 3. Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering • 4. Review and Homework • Homework 13-2 Guided Reading Packet • DUE MONDAY Jan 27

  25. Question of the Day Jan 27 American botanist Luther Burbank produced a new modified crop that was later exported to A. China B. Ireland C. Russia D. Egypt

  26. DO NOW Jan 27 Classify the following organisms by the breeding techniques used to produce them. How would you do this? 1. Cows that can produce the greatest amount of milk. 2. Tall oak trees that can survive a gypsy moth infestation. 3. Bean plants that can be grown in cold weather environments.

  27. DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 27 • 1. Inbreeding • Select cows that have the highest milk yield and breed them. • 2. Hybridization • Identify specimens that are not preyed upon by gypsy moths and cross them with the tallest oak trees. • 3. Inbreeding • Identify plants that thrive in cold temperatures and breed them.

  28. AGENDA Jan 27 • BIG Question: How do scientists manipulate DNA? • 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW • 2. Restriction Enzymes Lab • 13-1 / 13-2 Packet Homework Check • 3. 13-2 Manipulating DNA • 4. Genetic Engineering Project • 5. Closing Thoughts and Homework

  29. Question of the Day Jan 28 Which statement regarding restriction enzymes is true? A. Any restriction enzyme can cut any sequence of DNA B. One restriction enzyme can cut DNA in any order C. Restriction enzymes can only cut DNA once and are then unable to cut DNA a second time. D. One restriction enzyme can cut DNA at one specific sequence of bases

  30. DO NOW Jan 28 • Complete Restriction Enzymes Lab. • One cut per piece of paper. • Work with a partner • Join one cut section of DNA to a cut section of your partner’s DNA by the “sticky” ends. • Names on all DNA sequences • Answer questions for Homework.

  31. AGENDA Jan 28 • BIG Question: How do scientists manipulate DNA? • 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW • 2. Restriction Enzymes Lab • 13-2 Packet Homework Check • 3. 13-2 Manipulating DNA • 4. Closing Thoughts and Homework

  32. 13-2: GeneticEngineering • Making changes in an organism’s DNA by substituting genes from other DNA • uses restrictionenzymes: proteins capable of cutting genes at specific DNA sequences • only cut the sequences they recognize

  33. DNA fragments that are cut are then incorporated into the genetic material of a different cell. • called recombinant DNA: combined DNA from two different cells

  34. DNA Extraction Simple chemical procedures Cells are opened. Cell membranes are broken down. Chemical solutions are added to remove proteins from the DNA. DNA is separated and isolated from other cell parts.

  35. Gel Electrophoresis - Separating DNA Mixture of DNA fragments placed at one end of a porous gel. Electric voltage applied to the gel. Negatively charged DNA molecules move to opposite end of gel. Smaller fragments move faster and farther Compares genomes of different organisms Locate and identify specific genes. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i-DxJ3oJzE

  36. Question of the DAY Jan 29 The “sticky” ends found on sequences of DNA can pair with A. any sequence of DNA B. identical sequences of DNA C. complementary sequences of DNA D. the restriction enzymes that cut them

  37. DO NOW Jan 29 Describe the process of Gel Electrophoresis.

  38. AGENDA Jan 29 BIG Question: How do scientists manipulate DNA? 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW 2. Hand in Restriction Enzymes Lab 3. 13-2 Continued 4. Genetics Projects - Teams 5. Closing Thoughts and Homework

  39. Bioluminescence • Organisms that naturally produce light within their bodies. • Chemical compounds mix together to create a glow - Luciferase • Does not require nor generates much heat • “Cold Light” • Incandescence wastes a tremendous amount of energy to generate enough heat to produce light.

  40. Reading DNA Unknown single strand of DNA, 4 nucleotide bases, and DNA Polymerase added into a test tube. Different colored chemical dyes are attached to bases. Colored strands separated using electrophoresis. Order of colored bands identifies sequence of bases.

  41. Recombinant DNA Sequences of DNA combined from two different sources. DNA “synthesizers” produce short sequences of synthetic DNA Enzymes splice together synthetic DNA and natural DNA

  42. AGENDA Jan 30 • BIG Question: What is biology? • 1. Mid-year Assessment • BENCHMARK TEST • The results of this test will not factor into your grade! • This is a tool that I will use to measure our progress through the course.

  43. Objectives Jan 30 1. Complete the Biology BENCHMARK TEST. 2. Page 325 of your textbooks. Define PCR in your notebook. On a blank sheet of paper… Draw the process of PCR in your textbook. Use the correct colors to identify DNA. Label your diagram. Write down the steps in the process.

  44. Question of the DAY Jan 31 How double stranded DNA molecules are produced after 6 cycles of PCR? A. 8 B. 16 C. 24 D. 32

  45. PIC of the DAY Fred and Frode playing in the snow… Swedish brown bears in Guestrow, Germany.

  46. DO NOW Jan 31 Cross a heterozygous Tall, heterozygous yellow seeded pea plant with a short, heterozygous yellow seeded pea plant. What percentage of the offspring will be tall and green seeded? List the genotype and phenotype ratios.

  47. HONORS - AGENDA Jan 31 • BIG Question: How does a genetic disorder affect quality of life? • 1. Library Research DAY • HOMEWORK Check in library • Project topics/approvals • 2. Work with your teams. • 3. Include all of the necessary points of interest • 4.Be creative with this project. • 5. Grading Rubrics – You will receive individual grades for this project.

  48. Question of the DAY Jan 31 How double stranded DNA molecules are produced after 6 cycles of PCR? A. 24 B. 32 C. 64 D. 128

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