1. Avogadro Scale Engineering ~Getting to the Age of Complexity~ Day 1 - Form Molecular Machine (Jacobson) Group MIT - November 2003

2. 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 red blood cell ~5 m (SEM) diatom 30 m Molecular Machines (Jacobson) Group DNA proteins nm Simple molecules <1nm bacteria 1 m m SOI transistor width 0.12m Semiconductor Nanocrystal ~1 nm Circuit design Copper wiring width 0.1m Nanotube Transistor (Dekker) IBM PowerPC 750TM Microprocessor 7.56mm×8.799mm 6.35×106 transistors

3. Fabricational Complexity • Total Complexity • Complexity Per Unit Volume • Complexity Per Unit Time*Energy • Complexity Per unit Cost Ffab = ln (W) / [ a3tfab Efab ] Ffab = ln (M)e-1 / [ a3tfab Efab ]

4. There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom December 29th, 1959 The chemist does a mysterious thing when he wants to make a molecule. He sees that it has got that ring, so he mixes this and that, and he shakes it, and he fiddles around. And, at the end of a difficult process, he usually does succeed in synthesizing what he wants… Richard P. Feynman(1918-1988) http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

5. DNA Synthesis Caruthers Synthesis Error Rate: 1: 102 300 Seconds Per step http://www.med.upenn.edu/naf/services/catalog99.pdf

6. Replicate Linearly with Proofreading and Error Correction Fold to 3D Functionality Error Rate: 1: 108 100 Steps per second template dependant 5'-3' primer extension 3'-5' proofreading exonuclease 5'-3' error-correcting exonuclease • Beese et al. (1993), Science, 260, 352-355. http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/xtal/teach/repl/klenow.html

7. Fault-Tolerant Circuits

8. Resourcees for Exponential Scaling Resources which increase the complexity of a system exponentially with a linear addition in resource. 1] Quantum Phase Space 2] Error Correcting Fabrication 3] Fault Tolerant Hardware Architectures 4] Fault Tolerant Software or Codes 5] Nonlinear Functional Approximations Can we combine these in new ways to create something new?

9. Avogadro Scale Engineering: Goals • Form: Fabricating Complexity • Function: Statistical-Mechanical Engineering • Foundations: Fundamental Limits and Uncertainty Relations • Formats: Description Languages and Designs Tools

10. Foundations: Fundamental Limits, Conservation Laws and Uncertainty Relations Fundamental Limits Ffab = ln (W) / [ a3tfab Efab ] Ffab = ln (M)e-1 / [ a3tfab Efab ] Conservation Laws Conservation of Fragility Per Unit Complexity (Doyle’s Law) Uncertainty Relations DFabrication Complexity *DCode Complexity >= C1 DFragility *DLatency >= C2 Resources for Exponential Complexity Scaling 1] Quantum Phase Space ,2] Error Correcting Fabrication,3] Fault Tolerant Hardware Architectures ,4] Fault Tolerant Software or Codes, 5] Nonlinear Functional Approximations