Chapter 3 – Linear Systems Systems of Linear Equations

1. Chapter 3 – Linear Systems • Systems of Linear Equations • Solving Systems of Equations by Substitution

2. Systems of Equations • A set of equations is called a system of equations. • The solutions must satisfy each equation in the system. • If all equations in a system are linear, the system is a system of linear equations, or a linear system.

3. Systems of Linear Equations: • A solution to a system of equations is an ordered pair that satisfy all the equations in the system. • A system of linear equations can have: • 1. Exactly one solution • 2. No solutions • 3. Infinitely many solutions

4. Systems of Linear Equations: • There are four ways to solve systems of linear equations: • 1. By graphing • 2. By substitution • 3. By addition (also called elimination) • 4. By multiplication

5. Solving Systems by Graphing: • When solving a system by graphing: • Find ordered pairs that satisfy each of the equations. • Plot the ordered pairs and sketch the graphs of both equations on the same axis. • The coordinates of the point or points of intersection of the graphs are the solution or solutions to the system of equations.

6. Consistent Inconsistent Dependent One solution Lines intersect No solution Lines are parallel Infinite number of solutions Coincide-Same line • Solving Systems by Graphing:

7. Linear System in Two Variables • Three possible solutions to a linear system in two variables: • One solution: coordinates of a point • No solutions: inconsistent case • Infinitely many solutions: dependent case

8. 2x – y = 2 x + y = -2 2x – y = 2 -y = -2x + 2 y = 2x – 2 x + y = -2 y = -x - 2 Different slope, different intercept!

9. 3x + 2y = 3 3x + 2y = -4 3x + 2y = 3 2y = -3x + 3 y = -3/2 x + 3/2 3x + 2y = -4 2y = -3x -4 y = -3/2 x - 2 Same slope, different intercept!!

10. x – y = -3 2x – 2y = -6 x – y = -3 -y = -x – 3 y = x + 3 2x – 2y = -6 -2y = -2x – 6 y = x + 3 Same slope, same intercept! Same equation!!

11. Determine Without Graphing: • There is a somewhat shortened way to determine what type (one solution, no solutions, infinitely many solutions) of solution exists within a system. • Notice we are not finding the solution, just what type of solution. • Write the equations in slope-intercept form: y = mx + b. • (i.e., solve the equations for y, remember that m = slope, b = y - intercept).

12. Determine Without Graphing: • Once the equations are in slope-intercept form, compare the slopes and intercepts. • One solution – the lines will have different slopes. • No solution – the lines will have the same slope, but different intercepts. • Infinitely many solutions – the lines will have the same slope and the same intercept.

13. Determine Without Graphing: • Given the following lines, determine what type of solution exists, without graphing. • Equation 1: 3x = 6y + 5 • Equation 2: y = (1/2)x – 3 • Writing each in slope-intercept form (solve for y) • Equation 1: y = (1/2)x – 5/6 • Equation 2: y = (1/2)x – 3 • Since the lines have the same slope but different y-intercepts, there is no solution to the system of equations. The lines are parallel.

14. Substitution Method: • Procedure for Substitution Method • 1. Solve one of the equations for one of the variables. • 2. Substitute the expression found in step 1 into the • other equation. • 3. Now solve for the remaining variable. • 4. Substitute the value from step 2 into the equation • written in step 1, and solve for the remaining variable.

15. Substitution Method: • 1. Solve the following system of equations by substitution. Step 1 is already completed. Step 2:Substitute x+3 into 2nd equation and solve. Step 3: Substitute –4 into 1st equation and solve. The answer: ( -4 , -1)

16. 1) Solve the system using substitution • x + y = 5 • y = 3 + x Step 1: Solve an equation for one variable. The second equation is already solved for y! Step 2: Substitute x + y = 5x + (3 + x) = 5 2x + 3 = 5 2x = 2 x = 1 Step 3: Solve the equation.

17. 1) Solve the system using substitution • x + y = 5 • y = 3 + x x + y = 5 (1) + y = 5 y = 4 Step 4: Plug back in to find the other variable. (1, 4) (1) + (4) = 5 (4) = 3 + (1) Step 5: Check your solution. The solution is (1, 4). What do you think the answer would be if you graphed the two equations?

18. 2) Solve the system using substitution • 3y + x = 7 • 4x – 2y = 0 It is easiest to solve the first equation for x. 3y + x = 7 -3y -3y x = -3y + 7 Step 1: Solve an equation for one variable. Step 2: Substitute 4x – 2y = 0 4(-3y + 7) – 2y = 0

19. 2) Solve the system using substitution • 3y + x = 7 • 4x – 2y = 0 -12y + 28 – 2y = 0 -14y + 28 = 0 -14y = -28 y = 2 Step 3: Solve the equation. 4x – 2y = 0 4x – 2(2) = 0 4x – 4 = 0 4x = 4 x = 1 Step 4: Plug back in to find the other variable.

20. 2) Solve the system using substitution • 3y + x = 7 • 4x – 2y = 0 Step 5: Check your solution. (1, 2) 3(2) + (1) = 7 4(1) – 2(2) = 0

21. Deciding whether an ordered pair is a solution of a linear system. • The solution set of a linear system of equations contains all ordered pairs that satisfy all the equations at the same time. • Example 1: Is the ordered pair a solution of the given system? • 2x + y = -6 Substitute the ordered pair into each equation. • x + 3y = 2 Both equations must be satisfied. • A) (-4, 2) B) (3, -12) • 2(-4) + 2 = -6 2(3) + (-12) = -6 • (-4) + 3(2) = 2 (3) + 3(-12) = 2 • -6 = -6 -6 = -6 2 = 2 -33  -6 •  Yes  No

22. Substitution Method • Example Solve the system. • Solution (1) (2) Solve (2) for y. Substitute y = x + 3 in (1). Solve for x. Substitute x = 1 in y = x + 3. Solution set: {(1, 4)}

23. Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables • Solving Linear Systems by Graphing. • One way to find the solution set of a linear system of equations is to graph each equation and find the point where the graphs intersect. • Example 1: Solve the system of equations by graphing. • A) x + y = 5 B) 2x + y = -5 • 2x - y = 4 -x + 3y = 6 • Solution: {(3,2)} Solution: {(-3,1)}

24. Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables • Solving Linear Systems by Graphing. • There are three possible solutions to a system of linear equations in two variables that have been graphed: • 1) The two graphs intersect at a single point. The coordinates give the solution of the system. In this case, the solution is “consistent” and the equations are “independent”. • 2) The graphs are parallel lines. (Slopes are equal) In this case the system is “inconsistent” and the solution set is 0 or null. • 3) The graphs are the same line. (Slopes and y-intercepts are the same) In this case, the equations are “dependent” and the solution set is an infinite setof ordered pairs.

25. 4-1 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables • Solving Linear Systems of two variables by Method of Substitution. • Step 1: Solve one of the equations for either variable • Step 2: Substitute for that variable in the other equation • (The result should be an equation with just one variable) • Step 3: Solve the equation from step 2 • Step 4: Substitute the result of Step 3 into either of the original equations and solve for the other value. • Step 6: Check the solution and write the solution set.

26. 4-1 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables • Solving Linear Systems of two variables by Method of Substitution. • Example 6: Solve the system : 4x + y = 5 • 2x - 3y =13 • Step 1: Choose the variable y to solve for in the top equation: • y = -4x + 5 • Step 2: Substitute this variable into the bottom equation • 2x - 3(-4x + 5) = 13 2x + 12x - 15 = 13 • Step 3: Solve the equation formed in step 2 • 14x = 28 x = 2 • Step 4: Substitute the result of Step 3 into either of the original equations and solve for the other value. 4(2) + y = 5 • y = -3 • Solution Set: {(2,-3)} • Step 5: Check the solution and write the solution set.

27. Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables • Solving Linear Systems of two variables by Method of Substitution. • Example 7: • Solve the system : • y = -2x + 2 • -2x + 5(-2x + 2) = 22 -2x - 10x + 10 = 22 • -12x = 12 • x = -1 2(-1) + y = 2 • y = 4 • Solution Set: {(-1,4)}

28. Your Turn: 3x – y = 4 x = 4y - 17

29. Your Turn: 2x + 4y = 4 3x + 2y = 22

30. Clearing Fractions or Decimals

31. Systems without a Single Point Solution

32. 0 = 4 untrueInconsistent Systems - how can you tell? • An inconsistent system has no solutions. (parallel lines) Substitution Technique

33. 0 = 0 or n = n Dependent Systems – how can you tell? • A dependent system hasinfinitely many solutions. (it’s the same line!)Substitution Technique

35. Modeling Examples: • The reason to learn about systems of equations is to learn how to solve real world problems. • Study Example 8 on page 360 in the text. Notice how the original equations are set up based on the data in the question. • Also note that we are trying to determine when the total cost at each garage will be the same. To do this, set the two cost equations equal to each other and solve. You will see this type of problem often.

36. Modeling Examples: • Study Example 9 on page 361 in the text. This is a mixture problem. Notice how the original equations are set up based on the data in the question. • Once the equations are set up, the 2nd equation is multiplied by 100 to remove the decimal. This is a common occurrence, so make sure you know how to do this. • Note: The example is solved using the addition method. It can also be solved by substitution.

37. Modeling Examples: • 4. Read problem 40 on page 362 of the text – “basketball game”.

38. Modeling Examples: • 4. Read problem 40 on page 362 of the text – “basketball game”. • First assign the variables: • let x = # of 2 point shots • let y = # of 3 point shots

39. Modeling Examples: • 4. Read problem 40 on page 362 of the text – “basketball game”. • First assign the variables: • let x = # of 2 point shots • let y = # of 3 point shots • Writing the 1st equation: • They made 45 goals in a recent game • x + y = 45

40. Modeling Examples: • 4 continued. • Writing the 2nd equation:

41. Modeling Examples: • 4 continued. • Writing the 2nd equation: • Some 2 pointers, some 3 pointers, for a total score of 101 points • 2x + 3y = 101

42. Modeling Examples: • 4 continued. • Writing the 2nd equation: • Some 2 pointers, some 3 pointers, for a total score of 101 points • 2x + 3y = 101 • In words, the equation says 2 times the number of 2 point shots plus 3 times the number of 3 point shots totals 101 points.

43. Modeling Examples: • 4 continued. • The two equations are: • x + y = 45 • 2x + 3y = 101

44. Modeling Examples: • 4 continued. • The two equations are: • -2( x + y = 45 ) • 2x + 3y = 101 Lets eliminate x, multiply the entire 1st equation by –2.

45. Modeling Examples: • 4 continued. • The two equations are: • -2( x + y = 45 ) • 2x + 3y = 101 • -2x + -2y = -90 • 2x + 3y = 101 Lets eliminate x, multiply the entire 1st equation by –2.

46. Modeling Examples: • 4 continued. • The two equations are: • -2( x + y = 45 ) • 2x + 3y = 101 • -2x + -2y = -90 • 2x + 3y = 101 • y = 11 • Add down to eliminate x. Substitute y into the 1st equation. x + 11 = 45, so x = 34. • - 2 point shots and 11 - 3 point shots.

47. Modeling Examples: • 5. Read problem 44 on page 363 in the text – • A Milk Mixture.

48. Modeling Examples: • 5. Read problem 44 on page 363 in the text – • A Milk Mixture. • First assign the variables: • let x = # gallons of 5% milk • let y = # gallons of skim (0%) milk

49. Modeling Examples: • 5. Read problem 44 on page 363 in the text – • A Milk Mixture. • First assign the variables: • let x = # gallons of 5% milk • let y = # gallons of skim (0%) milk • Writing the 1st equation: • x + y = 100 • This is because they want to make a mixture totaling 100 gallons of milk.

50. Modeling Examples: • 5. Continued • Writing the 2nd equation: