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Introduction to Computers: History, Organization, and Programming Languages

This text serves as a comprehensive overview of computers, detailing their definition as high-speed computation devices capable of logical decision-making. It discusses the first programmable computer, ENIAC, and mentions notable early personal computers like the IBM PC and Apple II. The components of computer organization, including CPUs and memory units, are outlined. Furthermore, it explores machine and assembly languages, as well as high-level programming languages like C, C++, and Java, highlighting their evolution and significance in software development.

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Introduction to Computers: History, Organization, and Programming Languages

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Presentation Transcript

  1. CS1110: Computer Science I Chapter 1

  2. What Is a Computer? • A computer is a device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions • At a speed billons of times faster than humans • Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called computer programs

  3. The First Computer • ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) • first large-scale, electronic, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems • Born on 2/15/46 at UPenn • 30 tons, 1800 feet2, 150 kW • cost $500,000 • 5000 additions or 385 multiplications per second

  4. Personal Computer • Tom Watson, founder of IBM, predicted that there was a world market for about 5 computers. • 1981 IBM PC • 1977 Apple II • 1973 Xerox Alto • Mouse, GUI, object-oriented OS and development tools, and Ethernet card! • Moore’s Law: capacities of computers double every one or two years while prices remain constant

  5. Computer Organization • Input/Output Units • Memory Unit • Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Secondary Storage Unit

  6. PC Operating Systems • 8/1981: MS-DOS(QDOS) 1.0 • 1997: MS-DOS 7.1 • 11/1985: Windows 1.0 • 5/1990: Windows 3.0 • 10 millions sold • 4/1992: Windows 3.1 • Biggest competitor: Linux • Free open-source OS

  7. Machine and Assembly Languages • Machine languages consist of strings of numbers • The only language a computer can understand directly • Machine-dependent • English-like abbreviations form the basis of assembly languages. • Assemblers convert it to machine language

  8. High-level Languages • High-level languages contain English words and conventional mathematical notations. • Compliers v.s. Interpreters grossPay = basePay + overTimePay +1300042774 +1400593419 +1200274027 LOAD BASEPAY ADD OVERPAY STORE GROSSPAY

  9. C, C++, Java • C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in 1973 • Development language for UNIX • C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in early 1980s at Bell Labs • Object-oriented programming • Java was released in 1995 • Designed for Web applications • Other high-level languages • Fortran(50s), COBOL(59), Pascal(71), Ada(80s)

  10. C# • Microsoft announced C# in 2000 • Integration of programs in different language • Programs for mobile electronic devices • Designed specifically for .NET, has roots in C, C++, Java • It is an event-driven, object-oriented programming language

  11. .NET • Microsoft announced .NET in 2000 • To embrace the Internet and the Web in the development and use of software • .NET can exist on multiple platforms • Web services, language interoperability • Common Language Runtime (CLR) executes .NET programs • Programs are compiled into Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) • MSIL is then translated into machine language

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