Chapter 8 From World War to Cold War

1. Chapter 8 From World War to Cold War

2. Focuses Why did the Cold War break out after WWII? - Difference in ideologies - Feelings of mistrust - Insecurity of USSR - Fear of communism of the West How did Cold War affect Europe? - East vs West 3. How did the Cold War affect the rest of the world? - Case studies – Korea & Cuba

3. From a world war to a Cold War The Cold War – Definition A war of words, of propaganda and economic measures rather than military conflict. Where the countries tried to scored victories by gaining diplomatic successes or building up huge reserves of weapons. Context Occurred after the common enemy of Germany was defeated at the end of WWII Between USA and USSR

4. From a world war to a Cold War Background Cold War lasted between 1945 – 1991. Affected the whole world, especially countries in Eastern Europe and East Asia. Eg. Germany, Korea, Vietnam & Cuba

5. Korea after 1953

6. Vietnam after 1954

7. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

8. Chapter 8:From a world war to a Cold War

11. Europe after WWII

12. Focus 1Reasons for the outbreak of Cold War Differences in ideologies The West A capitalist economy: private ownership, private profits, free competition and free enterprise A democratic system: people vote for their govt in free elections and their rights are guaranteed

13. Focus 1 Reasons for the outbreak of Cold War The East A communist economy: state ownership of all resources, state control and planning of all economic activities and no individual profits. A dictatorial and one-party system: people have few rights and freedoms Result: The West and East were highly suspicious of each other – Relations were strained during WWII.

14. Focus 1 Reasons for the outbreak of Cold War 2. Feelings of Mistrust During WWII USA was the only nuclear power at the end of the war FDR (Franklin Delano Roosevelt) succeeded by Truman who was suspicious of Stalin and the USSR USA withdrew financial aid from USSR immediately after WWII in spite of the damages suffered by USSR. Result: USSR upset with the USA & relations strained further

15. Focus 1 Reasons for the outbreak of Cold War The Past Russian Civil War 1918-1921 Policy of Appeasement in the 1930s Munich Conference of 1938 Nazi invasion of Soviet Union The Allies did not launch invasion of Europe earlier USSR felt the Allies wanted Hitler to destroy USSR first.

16. Focus 1 Reasons for the outbreak of Cold War 3. USSR’s insecurity Invaded three times in modern history: WWI, Russian Civil War & WWII Needed to ensure USSR would be safe from any future attacks along its western border Wanted to surround USSR with a buffer of ‘friendly’ countries by extending its influence over the Eastern European countries

17. Focus1Reasons for the outbreak of Cold War 4. The West’s fear of spread of Communism Believed that Communism was expansionist by nature Saw the USSR creation of satellite states as expansionist, and not a search for security

18. Focus 2How did Cold War affect Europe? 1. Europe Divided How the USSR established control over E.Europe? Definition of satellite A country controlled by a bigger country. Refers to the establishment of Communist govt in E. Europe countries. The Red Army set free the places previously under German control and occupied them - Eg: Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria.

19. 1. Europe Divided The Red Army supported the Communist Parties Usually small but active Became more influential in politics The Eastern European Communist leaders who went to the USSR for training returned to dominate the govt.

20. 1. Europe Divided The Communist Parties formed coalition govts with other parties Rigged elections eg: Romania, Poland, Hungary Refused to allow opposition members to join the govt. Eg: Bulgaria The Communists got rid of coalition partners and established one-party rule Led coup to seize power eg: Czechoslovakia Threatened political leaders & forced them to withdraw from power Jailed key opponents or forced them to flee abroad

21. 1. Europe Divided Soviet satellites in Eastern Europe Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria. Exception: Yugoslavia – Under Joseph Tito who refused to be Soviet control Growth of tensions between the East & the West The West’s policy towards USSR establishment – CONTAINMENT: keep communism within its borders. Led to the deterioration of the East-West relations and further development of the Cold War

22. 2. Germany Divided Germany after the war Germany was temporarily divided 4 and occupied by USSR, USA, Britain and France Berlin (which was in Soviet zone) was temporarily divided into 4 zones. The Allied Control Council would administer Germany jointly until it had recovered.

23. Germany after 1947

24. 2. Germany Divided Issues of disagreement about Germany Treatment of Germany USSR: Wanted a weak Germany that would never be a military threat again The West: Wanted a strong, prosperous and democratic Germany that would not fall into Communism

25. 2. Germany Divided Issues of disagreement about Germany 2. Reparations Decisions at Potsdam USSR given 25% of German industrial goods as reparations and industrial machinery from its zone USSR to send food, coal and raw materials to western zone USSR took more from its zone than what was agreed at Potsdam – manufactured goods, machinery and industrial plant USSR refused to send food and coal to the western zones

26. 2. Germany Divided Issues of disagreement about Germany 3. Berlin USSR: Saw the Allied presence in Berlin as a threat The West: Determined to stay in Berlin to maintain control over the capital 4. Refugee issue Refugees from Soviet zones fled to the Western zones The West had to provide food for them

27. 2. Germany Divided Issues of disagreement about Germany 5. Economic issues The West wanted to bring about economic recovery of Germany Merged their zones (to form Bizonia) to receive aid under the Marshall Plan Stopped food rationing, black markets and price controls Introduced new currency (the Deutschmark) - Result Economy in the Western zone slowly recovered while the Soviet zone poor

28. 2. Germany Divided The Berlin Blockade June 1948 Action: Closed all road, rail and canal links between West Berlin and West Germany To starve the people in West Berlin in order to force them to Communist rule To get the West to withdraw from Berlin The West’s response Airlifted food, clothing, medicine and other supplies into Berlin everyday Stalin’s response - Reluctant to shoot the planes down - Gave in and lifted the blockade one year later

29. 2. Germany Divided The Berlin Blockade June 1948 Significance: West Berlin was a symbol of the West’s determination to resist communism Results: The Cold War intensified Germany became 2 separate countries - West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) - East Germany (Germany Democratic Republic) - The Western Allies realised they were militarily unprepared to deal with Soviet threat – Needed to join together to form defensive alliance against USSR

30. The Cold War Confrontations http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fB-0e7xEOSs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyKSx2RycEE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TseFz0qv9Lk&feature=related

31. 3. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan The ‘Iron Curtain’ Speech Winston Churchill’s speech in the USA in 1948 “From Stettin (Germany) in the Baltic, to Trieste (Yugoslavia) in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent Refers imaginary border between the Soviet-dominated countries in the east and the free democratic countries in the West. ..\..\..\..\Downloads\ironcu001.wmv ..\..\..\..\Downloads\kennej010.wmv

32. Europe after WWII

33. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan The Truman Doctrine – March 1947 Context The USSR and its allies were helping Communist rebels in Greece to overthrow the Greek monarchy Britain was supporting the Greek monarchy and appealed to the USA for help Outline of the Doctrine USA had responsibility to “support free peoples who are struggling against attempted takeover by armed minority or outside pressure” Effects Gave arms and supplies to Greece to help defeat the Communists Provided money to Turkey who was threatened by Communists

34. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan, June 1947 Context Truman believed that Communism grew in poor countries with post-war problems. So? Architect of the plan: US Secretary of State, George Marshall Outline of the Plan Provide financial and economic aid to help countries rebuild after the war Build up strong and prosperous countries in Europe that will not be vulnerable to communist threat

35. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan, June 1947 Results 16 countries including Britain, France, Italy and Austria accepted US assistance They received US$13 billion in aid, loans & goods USSR forbade its satellite states to accept US help Significance USSR felt this was a plan to spread US influence in Europe.

36. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan Measures implemented by USSR ( Retaliation) COMINFORM, 1947 An organization to draw all Communist parties in Europe together To ensure all parties adopted policies under Stalin’s control COMECON – Council for Mutual Economic Cooperation 1949 A council to rival the Marshall Plan (dollar imperialism) To help Eastern European Economies to develop into Soviet styled economies To encourage trade & coordinate economic polices among communist countries

37. 4. NATO and Warsaw Pact The Formation of NATO, 1949 Comprised USA, Canada, Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Turkey, Greece and West Germany (by 1953) Agreed that an attack against any one member would be considered an attack against all members Placed armed forces under a joined NATO command organisation

38. 4. NATO and Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact Comprised USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania Provisions: All members promised to defend one another against any outside attack All members agreed to have USSR military units stationed in their countries Result?

39. http://regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/conflict/coldwar.cfmhttp://regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/conflict/coldwar.cfm

40. Asia in Perspective 1945-1955 Circumstances leading to Korean War China becoming Communist USA’s insecurity USSR’s boost of confidence Division of Korea - Nationalism - Internal Conflicts between North & South Korea Focus 2 How did Cold War affect the rest of the War?

41. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/korea.htm

42. Background Read pg 202-216 of textbook Korean War

43. In 1949 - Chinese Communist Party defeated Kuomintang after 3 years of civil war. China came under the rule of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) with Mao Zedong as the leader. China was declared as the Peoples’ Republic of China (PRC) on 1 Oct 1949 China becoming Communist

44. Significance to Cold War China was now perceived by the USA as a threat to the capitalist bloc in the west. - Mao’s close relationship with USSR was feared by the USA. It was feared that USSR would provide resources to China to build more nuclear weapons. - China’s massive population was also a force to be reckoned with. It had the world’s third largest population and third largest territory. Thus communism was now seen by the USA as a single united enemy that was determined to conquer the world China becoming Communist

45. USA’s government was blamed to have lost China to CCP. The Nationalist government that had received support from the USA, fled to Taiwan and set up Republic of China (ROC) on 10 Oct 1949. USA, in turned, decided to recognise ROC as the only China in the UN in hope to reduce PRC’s political power. USA also turned to Japan as its main Asian ally against Communism China becoming Communist

46. China’s role in the Korean War China becoming communist definitely lent some weight to North Korea’s decision to embark on the war against South Korea With its closest neighbour as a communist powerhouse, North Korea’s communist government now had boosted confidence to reunify Korea as one. When China’s sovereignty was threatened in October 1950 by the UN forces invasion into North Korea, China joined in the Korean War, forcing the UN troops to South Korea. China becoming Communist

47. Korea’s geographical position North Korea is close to the communist bloc, with China and USSR as major powerhouses. South Korea is near to Japan, a close ally of the USA. A strong and unified Korea under the ideology of democracy would mean a buffer against communism in Asia. 2. USA’s Insecurity

50. ‘Domino Theory’ Truman was convinced that after China fell communist in 1949, other countries in Asia would, too, follow, like a line of dominoes. The prevention of Japan, USA’s strongest ally in Asia, falling to communism, was probably the most important reason for USA’s involvement in the war. The support that was given to the South Korean side was also part of the American’s plan to ‘roll back’ communism. 2. USA’s Insecurity