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I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks

I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India. I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks Ottomans emerge dominant

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I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks

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  1. I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire BuildersII. The Shi’a Challenge of the SafavidsIII. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India

  2. I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders • Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks • Ottomans emerge dominant • Into Balkans, 14th, 15th centuries • 1453, take Constantinople • Expansion • Middle East, north Africa, Europe • Dominate Mediterranean • A. A State Geared to Warfare Military dominant • Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility • Janissary infantry • Conscripted youth from conquered peoples The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires

  3. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders • B. The Sultans and their Court • Use factions against each other • Vizier • Oversees large bureaucracy • Succession • No clear rules • C. Constantinople Restored and the • Suleymaniye mosque, 16th century • Commercial center • Government control of trade, crafts • Artisan guilds • Turkish prevails Expansion of the Ottoman Empire

  4. I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders • D. The Problem of Ottoman Decline • Strong until late 1600s • Decline • Extended • Infrastructure insufficient • Dependent on conquest • End of conquest brings deficiencies • Regional leaders divert revenue • Sultans less dynamic

  5. I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders • E. Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat • Janissaries • Conservative • Stop military, technological reform • Lepanto, 1571 • Defeated by Spain, Venice • Turks lose control of eastern Mediterranean • Portuguese outflank Middle East trade • Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean • Victories over Muslim navies • Inflation • Caused by New World bullion • Comes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade

  6. II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids • Safavid family • Sufi preachers, mystics • Sail al-Din • Leads revival • 1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz • Named shah • Chaldiran, 1514 • Safavids defeated by Ottomans The Safavid Empire

  7. II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids • A. Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs • Tahmasp I • Becomes shah • Abbas I (1587-­1629) Height of Ottoman Empire • Persians as bureaucrats • B. State and Religion • Adopt Persian after Chaldiran • Also Persian court traditions • Shi'ism modified • Spreads to entire empire • C. Elite Affluence and Artistic Splendor Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture • Building projects • Mosques in Isfahan

  8. II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids • D. Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons Commonalities • Warrior aristocracies • Move to rural estates after conquest • Threat to central power • Imperial workshops • Artisans patronized • International trade encouraged • Women lose freedom • Subordinate to fathers, husbands • E. The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire Abbas I • Removes heirs • Weak grandson inherits • Decline begins • Internecine conflict, outside threats • 1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis • Nadir Khan Afshar Shah, 1736

  9. III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India • Babur • Driven from Afghanistan • Invades India, 1526 • Turkic • Panipat, 1526 Defeats Muslim Lodi dynasty Khanua, 1527 • Defeats Hindu confederation • 1530, death • Succeeded by Humayn • Flees to Persia • Mughal rule restored by Humayn by 1556 • A. Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire Akbar • Humayn's 13-year-old son • Reconciliation with Hindus • New religion, Din-i-Ilahi • Blend of Islam and Hinduism • Toleration The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb

  10. III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India • B. Social Reform and Social Change Women • Position improved • Widows encouraged to remarry • Child marriages discouraged • Sati prohibited • Seclusion undermined by women's market days • C. Mughal Splendor and Early European Contacts Death of Akbar • Reforms don't survive • Empire strong • Cotton textiles to Europe • Especially among laboring and middle classes • D. Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century • Continue toleration • Less energetic • Support arts • Taj Mahal

  11. III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India • E. Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women Nur Jahan • Wife of Jahangir • Head of powerful faction • Mumtaz Mahal • Wife of Shah Jahan • Also powerful • Ordinary women • Position declines • Sati spreads among upper classes • Other of Akbar's reforms die out

  12. III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India • F. The Beginnings of Imperial Decline Aurangzeb • Succeeds Shah Jahan • Programs • Rule all India • Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint • 1707, controls most of India Expensive, distracting • Other developments disregarded • Revolt • Autonomy of local leaders • Hindus exluded from high office • Non-Muslims taxed • Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule

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